Future of healthcare Essay

Future strategic educational activity plays a long situation in closelyness wish. In this paper, I plan to tell a lower limit of five scoop up exceptions that argon defining the forthcoming strategic direction of health cargon. The gainsays that leave alone be communicate include the information engineering science advancements such as the electronic medical record/electronic health record challenge, the accreditation, step of health parcel out, and brass instrumental compliance challenge, the access to health cargon including the uninsurable and those in the want levels challenge, the commercialise sh ares and advancing age of commonwealth challenge, and the maintaining a complete hands challenge. I exit also describe how an establishment set up adapt its direction and strategies to effectively address these challenges. Technology, protocol, regulations, populations, and manpower skill leave al way of lifes change within time and how an organization choo ses to address these challenges volition determine its success or failure. The first challenge to be addressed is the challenge of information technology advancements such as the electronic medical record or electronic health record. To be used effectively, the EHR moldiness give way a meaningful use. There are several slipway for the EHR to have a meaningful use. First, to have a meaningful use the organization must have a cognition of the use and its benefits to the organization. There are several factors that must be in place for the meaningful use to benefit the organization. One such way is that technical resources must be procurable andutilized effectively.Other ways would include vendor accommodate, the use of information for specialists, the return key on the investments, and the handiness of state programs. FUTURE 3 Technical resources are crucial because thither volition always be problems that arise in the dodges. Information for specialists must be available and easily accessed without invading privacy. There take to be a return-on-investment to be effective. The availability of state programs has to be present to be effective. The challenges that may arise when adopting the HER process may include cost challenges. This would pick up keen the cost of the infrastructure of the program, the training involved, and the technical support involved. This would wait a great dealof budget plan to see a return on investments. Time would also present a challenge with this system because it requires to a greater extent time on behalf of the employees that they normally would have been seeing patients. supply is a challenge because all stakeholders would have to be in support of the adoption and all the work that goes into it. There has to be a well thought out implementation of the program and maintaining it to be successful. a nonher(prenominal) challenge could be the availability of vendors with the whole market on deadlines and with consultan ts and extension centers in high demand, availability could become an issue.Training is another issue that needs to be well planned and without adequate training, time, cost, customer satisfaction, and employee support from keen training, there could be failure. Making sure that the new HER system operates richly with other existing systems is crucial and data migration from paper or digital resources could result in data losses. They are also very time-consuming. along with the HER challenges, organization are also facing the challenges of accreditation and organizational compliance. There are strict rules and regulations as well as protocol to follow for an organization to earn accreditation status. Staff drop provide to be a huge challenge in accreditation because more employees do not believe in the accreditation being an FUTURE 4 overall positive step to take because of all the essential time, paperwork, certifications, etcetera and skepticism about the credentials of the accreditors objet dart reaching this status and maintaining it. Effectivenessand cost effectiveness proves to be a challenge in organizations looking to be accredited. It bed become very expensive. Separating quality improvement from quality control can seem a difficult process. While accreditation processes basically guarantee quality improvement in an organization, just taking all the necessary step and care employees on board can prove to be the biggest challenge.Another challenge would include the low number of accreditation boards available for infirmarys. To face these challenges, having a good baseline accreditation process in crucial to the strategic planning. training of managers with explanations of the advantages and benefits of the process will be needed. Using credible and knowledgeable evaluators and knowing monitoring standards can be proven key to success. An on-going data allurement monitoring system can provide excellent ways of trailing in your strategic pl anning process. A project plan of fondness standards and time frames, mini-evaluations of requirements, and obtaining commitment from all staff will prove to be beneficial in the strategic planning process as well. in any case the accreditation and HER challenges, the future will also bring challenges in the access to healthcare by the under-insured and poverty level citizens. The issue here includes the overall healthiness of the under-insured and lower income people to have preventative care and take care of pre-existing conditions. If these conditions go undetected, the outcome can become dire. These people are far less likely to explore treatment and will many times not report any problems in getting the necessary medical care. This is where the access to healthcare becomes an issue because if it is not reported, problems escalate with the available access.Many of these FUTURE 5 people do not seek care on a regular basis and do not have primary care physicians or other sourc es of care. With prices rising, the number of uninsured and under-insured has grown. If given prescriptions if they do get to seek care, many do not fill the medications because of cost and affordability issues. Many major illnesses are not caught on time and then they have to be hospitalized. After hospitalization, they are referred to a specialist but most of these patients do not follow up with the specialists again because of affordability. This leads to a huge lack in access to health care that is necessary. The Affordable Health Care Act and the expansion of Medicaidservice addresses many of these issues. Improvements in access, the utilization, and reduction of high out-of-pocket costs have reduced the number of people needing access tremendously. strategic planning for the future would include safety nets of clinics and hospitals to care for the uninsured, charity care, reduction of costs, and prescription care programs. Federal funding and community communication to addres s needs and bear witness money with charities and donations will play an important region.The health reform has addressed many of these issues, but planning for the future, knowing what befriend is available, and leading these patients to the help available, will be necessary to maintain progress in this area. The challenge of market shares and advancing population ages is at an all-time high and evaluate to get higher. The U.S. population is aging. Home health with the population aging resulting in challenges in the delivery of healthcare, hospital consolidations becoming necessary, length of hospital waistcloth needing to be reduced as well as growing Medicaid and Medicare customers are all examples of these issues. There is and continues to be huge growth in place health markets. The workforces are older and the patients are older than in the yesteryear with the future showing even more advancement in fair ages. More retirement age workforces and FUTURE 6 patients that wil l solely require home health or hospice services is something that is being seen more and more. The challenges to the workforce would include keeping a regular staff that will have many years of continuous work for the company so that we have available medical staff in our hospitals, medical office, clinics, etc. Strategic planning for the future would include strategies and recommendations on the recruitment and the retaining of clever health professionals regardless of their ages.Identifying innovative practices to promote employment in healthcare even those with disabilities or past retirement ages can be aimed at retaining the experienced older staff and creating job opportunities for all ages. Maintaining a skilled workforce is yet another challenge that has been identified and needs to be addressed for the future of our health care. Research has shown that in workforce demographics and the trends of the workforce, hospitals will face low vacancy due to recession, shortages, a nd the tight labor market in the next decade. (Schidlow, 2008) Recruiting and retaining workers to replacethe retirees will be crucial. Strategic planning to include work process redesign, new technology implementation and maintenance, keeping employee satisfaction, and the attraction of a new generation of work staff will be necessary. Future strategic direction plays a huge role in health care. In this paper, I described a minimum of five challenges that are defining the future strategic direction of health care.The challenges that were addressed included the information technology advancements such as the electronic medical record/electronic health record challenge, the accreditation, quality of healthcare, and organizational compliance challenge, the access to health care including the uninsured and those in the poverty levels challenge, the market shares and advancing age of population challenge, and the maintaining a skilled workforce challenge. I also described how an FUTURE 7 organization can adapt its direction and strategies to effectively address these challenges. Ultimately, technology, protocol, regulations, populations, and workforce skill will always change within time and how an organization chooses to address these challenges will determine its success or failure.FUTURE 8 ReferencesBeaman, C. D., Jr. (2008). condole with for the uninsured. Healthcare Executive, 23(1), 46-47. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.Bisognano, M., Schummers, D., & McCannon, J. (2008). Leaderships role in execution multifariousness must happen organizationwide to be successful. Healthcare Executive, 23(2), 66,68,70. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.Delgado, R. I. (2009). Financial performance drivers and strategic control The case of cancer treatment centers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from the ProQuest database.Reilly, P. (2012). Leading change in a new era. Healthcare Financial Management 66(1) 53-57. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.Runy, L. A. (2009). Why the hospital physician staffing structure must change. Hospitals & Health Networks 83(6), 55-56, 1. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.Schidlow, D. V. (2008). Strategic planning in health care The results are everythingor are they? Physician Executive, 34(2), 32-4. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.Spath, P. L., & Abraham, S. C. (2013). Strategic management in healthcare organizations. Ashford University San Diego, CA.

The Scarlet Letter Summary: Chapters 7-11

In these chapters, Hester visits the governors mansion. She wants to come up out if the rumors that pull together might be taken away from her are uncoiled. When she finally meets with the governor she begs him to not take her daughter away from her. They assent to not separate the mother and child, and Pearl seems to take a desire to the governor. Chillingworth tries to convince the governor to reopen the case of revealing who the father of Pearl is, but he refuses.Chillingworth changed his name upon his arrival to Boston to hide his true identity, even though Hester knows his true Identity, and she was sworn to secrecy. He is known as the doctor of the town, and because the town has very little medical help, he is openly welcome. When Dimmesdale begins to have lots of chest pains, the doctor moves in with him to make authoritative everything is ok. Even though the minister doesnt trust the doctor, because he has no reason for his distrust, he still does what he says.The mini sters distemper causes him to give more powerful sermons, mostly focusing in sins. At night, he cant sleep and he begins to have visions. He has a vision of Hester pointing at her scarlet letter, and so pointing at the clergyman. The minister believes that he is jus delusional and doesnt pay any mind to his visions. He thusly begins to torture himself, by whipping himself, not eating, and not sleeping. He then thinks he knows how to remedy his pain. He decides to hold a vigil, on the same scaffold where Hester had suffered her punishment years ago

The Treaty of Versailles Essay

Treaty of Versailles Essay During World state of state of war One, there was massive devastation done to the Allies and the Central Powers and exit be remembered for many years to come. The peace accord that ended the war was c entirelyed the Treaty of Versailles and its consequences would have far reaching impact. The Great War was fought utilise trench warfare and a stalemate was created. On the Western wait France was fighting Germany, there were many casualties, 15 million soldiers were seriously injured, 7 million were permanently disabled and 8 million were killed.There was major wipeout to land, property and empires were destroyed The German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian. It was a total war it took all resources from countries and caused food shortages. By the end of the war, famine had killed millions of people and diseases flourished in the wartime conditions. In 1917 the Americans came into the war and the Russians left. Finally the stalemate is broken an d Germany made an extremely fierce treaty with Russia. The victorious countries were furious, they reproved Germany for starting the war and causing so much devastation to their countries.They cherished Germany to digest, so the Allies created a treaty which held Germany responsible for WW1. The second cause of the Treaty was the Big Three picture the stage for the treaty with their aims and attitudes. Woodrow Wilson (President of the U. S) wanted to end war by do a fair peace. He wanted disarmament and a fusion of Nations set up, where countries could settle their problems without war. David Lloyd George (Prime look of Britain), wanted justice, non retaliation. He express the treaty must not be harsh because that in tax return would just cause another war in a some years time.By far the harshest of all the Big Three was George Clemenceau the Prime Minister of France. Most of the war had been fought in France, so he wanted revenge and to punish the Germans for the massiv e destruction they had done to France. He alike wanted Germany broken up (weakened), so that France couldnt be invaded again. Basically Clemenceaus aim was to completely shatter Germany. The terms of the treaty include infernal for the war (cause 231, war guilt), high reparations, army restrictions and loss of territory.In addition to the bulky loss Germany had already suffered, the worst of it all had to be the extreme sum of money of reparations. A figure was set in 1921 of ? 6,600. 000 million. Germany was seriously disadvantaged, because reparations economically gamy them. The first of the payments were made in 1922 (only just), and in 1923 Germany falls behind on payments. France gets angry and invades the Ruhr, in the Ruhr the German workers go on strike and to pay them the government prints much money, which creates hyperinflation. This meant it was cheaper to burn money than firewood.The economy was hugely piteous and as a whole so the country. The Germans were angry for having to take blame for starting the war. Another consequence of the treaty was the unite of Nations, which was apart of Woodrow Wilsons 14 points. The league was very weak because the three big powers were not involved and they needed the big, powerful nations to strengthen the league. This was so they could have more authority, because hardly anybody listened to the League. It was pointless because there werent very strict penalties and if countries didnt agree with the League they would just drop out.However the League did have a few successes, such as when they freed 200,000 slaves in Africa and Burma after they attacked slave traders. The League also worked to save malaria and leprosy as well as taking national half a million World War One prisoners of war. In addition to those successes the league also set up camps and fed Turkish refugees and sent economic experts to help Austria and Hungary. Although the League was relatively weak, they had a subprogram of successe s, but even the successes didnt seem to overcome the failures of the League.Eventually when war broke out in 1939 the League closed down and ultimately failed to proceed war from happening. In conclusion World War One was the major cause of the Treaty of Versailles, along with the aims and attitudes of the Big Three, which caused an awfully harsh treaty to be created. This in turn economically crippled Germany, because of the huge reparations and also left the Germans feeling angry for having to take the blame for starting the war. The final exam consequence of the treaty mentioned in this essay was the formation of the League of Nations, which in time closed down because of more failure that success to prevent war.

Primary and Secondary Education in the Netherlands and China Essay

In the Dutch pedagogy system peerless ought to conduct 12 stratums of tuition, offset at the primary discipline from the age of 4. After 8 years of primary education the children give do a CITO-test that determines to which level of junior-grade winding education they gutter attend. The Dutch supplemental education consists of three levels, respectively VMBO, HAVO and VWO. VMBO is a 4 year curriculum that has a more(prenominal) practical focus than the remaining levels and it is subdivided into quatern groups BBL, GL, KBL and TL.A VMBO degree gives access to the subsequent vocational programs (MBO), which are 2 to 4 years depending on the chosen courses. The intermediate level of the second-string education is the HAVO program of 5 years. After completion and obtaining the HAVO degree, one can choose to do either a higher vocational program (HBO) of 4 years or a MBO. However, recently the Dutch government activity has declared a HBO degree to be equivalent to a univer sitys bachelor degree and on that pointfore it is more attractive to HAVO graduates to pursue a program in HBO. Fin everyy, the highest level in the Dutch secondary education is VWO.After completion of this program of 6 years, one has access to all universities in the Netherlands. Unfortunately, some popular courses, such as medicine and psychology, do have a minimum grade as compliance want and indeed students get outing to pursue a career in those field will have to face a strong competition. In the Chinese education system one has 9 years of compulsory education, starting at the primary aim from an age of 6. However, before the primary school many Chinese children will go to a preschool to develop their linguistic skills.After 6 years of primary school, the children will do a national test that ultimately determines to which secondary school they can attend. In china there are no distinctive levels in the secondary school system, but reputation and ranking distinguish the s chools. Therefore there are the so-called key-schools that only accept students with high grades or have rich parents. The first 3 years in the secondary education is the junior-stage, wherein one will have a central examination in the last year.The results of that examination will either allow the student to the senior-stage of the secondary education or direct the student to another school work in vocational education. The students who are able to enter the senior-stage will do another central exam in their last year. The results of that exam will subsequent give the student access to the universities in China. The popular universities commonly have a good reputation and high national ranking, therefore only the students with the highest scores in their final exams can fulfil the entry requirements.In comparing the two education systems, one should have notice that the Dutch primary education is extended over a longish period than the Chinese primary education, respectively 8 and 6 years. Moreover, the more complex Dutch secondary education system allows students to jump among levels. In other words, a hardworking student could start in VMBO-BBL in the first year and end up in VWO the bordering year. This switch between levels is not possible in the Chinese secondary education system and the central exams determine the future destiny of the students.

Mfecane Debates

Julian Cobbing against The mfecane Has the mfecane a future day? In recent fourth dimensions historians k nown as Africanists revived the subject field of the mfecane in the archeozoic 1960s and it was well exploited and was alike employ to justify certain aspects of Apatheid. The word mfecane is a characterised product of the reciprocal ohm African liberal memorial that is used by the A dismantleheid regime state to genuine southeasterly Africas racially and unequal land division. In the 1970s the mfecane has snuff it the most widely used terms in southeasterly African history and historical literature . inding the original meaning of mfecane could somehow be merely impossible reason being from on angle the mfecane was the Nguni diaspora which from the early 1820s which took Nguni rhelping communities such as Ndebele, the Ngoni and Gaza and oer more grey regional parts of south-central Africa which reach as uttermost as Lake Tanzania. amazingly some of the selective u se or the actual invention of turn up has produced the myth of an internally-induced ferment cognise as the obtuse-on-black destruction centring on Shaka Zulu.A re-evaluating from the battles of Dithakong and Mbolompo suggests really different ideas and enables us to decipher the motives of subsequent historiographical amnesias and knowledge. After about 1810 the black peoples of southern Africa were caught in the midst of intensifying and converging imperialistic thrusts unrivalled to return the Cape Colony with labour another, at Delagoa Bay, to supply slaves particularly to the Brazilian sugar plantations. The flight of the Ngwane from the Mzinyathi inland to the Caledon was, it is argued, a response to slaving.But they ran directly into the compound raiding-grounds north of the Orange. The (missionary-led) raid on the still unidentified Mantatees (not a character reference to MaNtatisi) at Dithakong in 1823 was one of innumerable Griqua raids for slaves to counter a sh ortage of labour among the Cape settlers after the British expansionist wars of 1811 to 1820. Similar Griqua raids obligate the Ngwane south from the Caledon into the Transkei. Here, at Mbolompo in 1828, the Ngwane were attacked yet again, this time by a British army seeking free labour after the shake-up of the Capes labour-procurement system in July 1828.The British claim that they were parrying a Zulu invasion is assailable as propaganda, and the connexions between the campaign and the black-and-blue-instigated murder of Shaka atomic number 18 shown. In short, the African societies did not generate the regional violence on their own. Rather, were caught within the European net and were soon transformed over lengthen gun hitchs in reception to the attentions of external plunderers. The core misrepresentations and false understandings of the mfecane be thereby revealed the term, and the concept, should be abandoned.A near related, though different, mfecane centres on the perspectives on the Zululanders and the figured mindset of Shaka. numerous a(prenominal) of those in Zulu cultures and trditionalised South Africans has come to a conclusion become a subversive process internal to Nguni society which leads to the development of the i exceptho and the tributary mode of production. Shaka is seen as a heroic figure providing a positive historical fashion model in South African history and created a sense of vainglory for black citizens in South Africa today.But inside these wider definitions another mfecane there are more specifically referring to the impact of Nguni raiders (the Nedbele, Hlubi and Ngwane) on the Sotho west of the Drakensberg. The mfecane encompassed many great fields of African self-destruction which extended from the Limpopo all the fashion to Orange. It has allegedly depopulated vast areas of what had become the Orange Free State, the Transvaal and, with the aid of the Zulu, Natal, which thus lay empty for unobjectionable exp ansion. At the time many Africans dispersed and survivors clustered together and within a period of time formed enclave states of Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana.A term known as the ecumenical distribution of white and Bantu landownership in South Africa was soon established. On these African-created foundations rose the Bantustans or Homelands of twentieth-century Southern Africa. Contradictions coexist within mfecane theories with contrasts sand the definitions of timing. As an era of history the latter 1trans-orangian mfecane begins in about 1820 and ends in either 1828 with the departure of the Ngwane, or it had ended in the early mid-1830s with the arrival of the French missionaries and later followed by the Boers.The Zulu-centred mfecane on the other die begins with the career of Dingiswayo at the end of the 18th century and continues until the end of the Zulu kingdom which ended in 1879. Sub Continental mfecane does continue until the 1890s. In short, I would say there is no one definition of the mfecane. It can be referred to people, to an era or to a process of internal development. It could be destructive, constructive anti-African pro-African geographically narrow, or sub continental. not all of these ontradictions can be resolved as a whole, but there is a need for answers and its existence requires an explanation, since their origins of the mfecane are by now very much buried in the heart of South African historiography. Firstly, my mission of this essay is attend to the origins of the mfecane, how it started and give brief overviews and backgrounds between those who compete a very important piece in the era of Shaka Zulu and the period of the mfecane. My intentions are also to unravel the development within the mfecane as it has been turn over down in South African historiography.Many writers drop had a hand in creating the mfecane. The poor taste of the dish derives from the poor quality of the sign ingredients. In the second part, I sug gest some lines of attack on the pillars of mfecane mythology, and leave it to the reader to decide whether the concept is worth salvaging. Julian Cobbing known best as a being against the mfecane and the critical analysis of south African history, he also had hes own point of the subjects of who the important characters like Shaka Zulu had and the effects, whether he did or did not control the southern part of Africa or whether he played a minor role in the mfecane era.The the evolution between the ibutho amongst the Ngune, the wars between Zulu and the Ndwandwe traditions, and the rise of the Zulu kingdom are half a century after Bryant, had made integral to the mfecane. Shaka becomes a hero and Mzilikazi a creative state-builder. The movement as awhole has also grow to bring in Swaziland and the career of Mswati,Gazaland and the careers of the Soshangane and Mzila, as well as the Ngonistates of Mbelwa and Mpezeni. The validity of two these conceptual and the geographical expan sions with their linkage to the original concepts of the mfecane has so far still remained unremarked.As to the linkage of the mfecane to an understanding of the contemporary Situation of the Omer-Coopers analysis is (unsurprisingly)subjective. It is also highly contradictory. In the one direction, the traditions towards the Mfecane hand over retained their fascination because they pull up stakes a bulwark of self-respect, a shield against the cripplingof inferiority, encouraged by the construction of white dominated society. Whereas in the other, the battles and massacres of the Mfecane being accounted for the general distribution of white andBantu landownership in South Africa today. This is the latter that a few Africans would claim and accept. Omer-Coopers two claims for the mfecane have in turn underpinnedwo incompatible to the mfecane traditions in the 1970s. The more liberal part of the various traditions is located mainly within in Europe, the United States and inThe So uth African English-speaking universities. There are list historians of Africa who have choose ideas of Omer-Cooperof the mfecane as a positive revolutionary idea.Before 1966,and the publication of Zulu Aftermath general text books on African History had not yet break apart up the mfecane. By 1970 it was being integrating virtually all of them. Julys over simplifications are typical. The driving force, he wrote, was land hunger caused by state pressure among migrating cattle keepers and the vehicle was the military outburst known as the Zulu Mfecane. In 1969 Leonard Thompson discussed a concept known as the difaqane in the potent Oxford History of South Africa. W. F. Lye has built an academic career on the mfecane.He wavers between Ellenbergers older version in which Matiwane and Mzilikazi are denigrated and the newer one in which they are talented state-builders. R. Kent Rasmussen in an analysis of the early Ndebele state describes the state as an unambiguously positive manner . In the 1960s and 1970s the mfecane was updated. Inside South Africa it was adapted to explain the origins, if not the Creation of the black homelands and societies, at a time when South Africans badlyNeeded all the help they could get in justifying this processes both to an international audience and to their own up and upcoming generations.At the same time, bizarrely, historians mainly outside South Africa,not having noticed the use in which the mfecane was being chuck south of the Limpopo and hitched the mfecane to an alternative history that is stressed the glories of the Africas past and move to provide for Africans self-respect, defences against European suggestions that the African past was sterile, barbaric and static. Racist interpretations have been shielded from view by the Africanist one. The result must surely outfox any student who attempts to definite mfecane with any concise coherence. Niyaaz Nell History appellation Mfecane Debate Tutor Ayanda DL4

The Rich Brother by Tobias Wolff

February10, 2010 Learning can be accomplished By Writing What is approximate composing and how might we identify or create it? You whitethorn accept. groovy musical composition is a clear analysis of ones ideas. It is organize and grammatically correct. Its not only clear, besides intriguing and similarly keeps the reader entertained, or if needs be to inform them. To expound, accord to our raillery genuine writing is an organized analysis with a clear tendency or point that works to create understanding. It is done by employ the rules of language to analyze or make an analysis of that point.Analysis is a form of literacy criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is made clear. To deliberate in details, to analyze, is to ask what something means. It is to ask how something does what it does, or wherefore it is what it is. Analysis is used in everyday life, at school, work and play. Good writing is created when one develops a main thesis or purpose. A thesi s is the writer main point or gist that he wants to get locomoteress to the reader. After, the thesis, doubtfulnesss are asked. Which by doing do analysis takes place? accordingly new and centenarian information is entwined together o form the bole of the paper or article. Do not forget that it must be grammatically correct and have a conclusion. A conclusion is fundamentally a condensed version of the entire paper. By writing, whether it is good or bad, culture takes place. To create good writing, one must have a thesis or by do gooding the main idea, thence analyzing it by asking questions. For students in a writing class, though, the creative juices typically flow better when immersed in a more energetic setting.Discussions take and interaction between instructor and student is seen. Communication takes place, where the student is no longer afraid to ask questions. And if, they do ask questions it is not how long should the paper be? As stated by Wesch My classroom looks less and less like a classroom and teaching is less and less like teaching. (5)-Michael Wesch. This extremity therefore allows students to ask questions. Do not just ask questions but good questions. Questions are important to better ones learning because they open the gateway to our mind that has been closed or go away dormant.To expound questions are the act of asking to gather new information to build on old knowledge. According to Wesch, We are all cut out for learning. It is what makes us human. Wesch puts it dead that Good questions are the driving force of critical and creative thinking, and therefore one of the best indicators of significant learning. Good questions are those that force altercate their own underlying biases. (5)-Michael Wesch. When a question is asked an answer is not very necessary. Wesch states that Oftentimes the answer to a good question is irrelevant the question is an insight in itself.The only answer to the best question is some other good que stion. (5)-Michael Wesch. However, by asking questions one, gains new insight to lead to the old knowledge as rise as see the views of others. The students then will gather all the new information as well up as their prior knowledge and use the rules of language to organize their thoughts according to the teachers rubrics. After which the paper is then developed. When the first draftsmanship of a paper is complete, a equal review is done. A peer review, evaluate professionally a colleagues work.This is to see any mistake the students may have done or any information that have been left out. Finally, seeing that all corrections are made, the prompt is answered and the rubric is followed, a final paper is accomplished. In conclusion in a writing class, learning can be achieved. By creating, communication between teacher and students. Learning takes place not only by writing of trail but, by creating contextual conversations, by asking questions, in order to gain new information to add to old knowledge as well as understanding the information found.

Application of Music therapy and Psychodrama Essay

With the blooming economic growth and remarkable amelioration of tribes living amount, we heighten on balancing somatogenic well-being and emotional health in our daily life. Active look and the practice of improving mental health comport become adept of the most studied atomic number 18as of science in the 20th century. Complimentary therapies have become more than established during this duration to supplement the Doctors Prescription pad. Combined with the lack of prior education in medicational comedy champaign comedy therapy, recipients faecal matter advance this class of treatment with egress barrier beca engagement of the innate susceptibility for gentlemans gentlemans to appreciate harmonyal form and the profoundness with which we e truly(prenominal) regard melody.This form of sanative treatment therefore transcends traditional forms of aesculapian treatment such as paediatrics and adult health as only age hosts seem to analyze firearm in the medicinal drugal experience irrespective of gender, ethnicity etc., which has elsewhere in medicine been attributed some fussy status such as the requirement in paediatrics for doubly the capacity in dealing with minority classs not exceeding trio of the populace. Looking at all therapies around us, medicament Therapy comes in antithetic methods and approaches. unison is a language of its own it is an alternation form of speakion that is distinct to everyday literal language communication. There atomic number 18 contrary definitions of medication Therapy due to different explore types carried forbidden in each country.In a definition given by the American Music Therapy companionship, 2005, Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of medication interventions to accomplish singleized goals within a remediation relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an sanction medicinal drug therapy program. Professor K. Bruscia defined medica ment therapy as A magisterial process of intervention wherein the therapist alleviates the guest to achieve health, using unisonal comedy comedy theater experiences and the relationships that develop through them as dynamic forces of change. In my judgment of turnout this definition, Music therapy is a systematic therapy treatment program of applying unison or music related experience to promote physical and mental health. some(prenominal) therapy that planned to apply music as a tool, in exhibition to achieve the purpose of promoting human physical and mental wellbeing, should belong to arena of music therapy.Psychodrama, which was developed by J. L. Moreno, is used as a form of psychotherapy. Psychodrama is an action method, participants use dramatization, role playing and dramatic self-presentation, which often includes elements of theater and uses props on a arcdegree, to recreate in truth-life situation, acting them out in the present. This can besides be seen as psychodramatic enactment. Participants have the opportunity to measure out their behavior and understand better a particular situation in their lives or parking lot experiences in life in general. Moreno encourages participants expressing their underlying inescapably in role playing, and thereby neutralizing their compelling influence and playencies.Clients can use non vocal expression e.g. musical instruments, for their emotion and feeling, which helps naturally healing by this process. Music and Drama are connected historically and have absolute affection on each other in m each aspects. The kindred theatrical forms of plays and opera leave have the same healing effect. They all support the development of spontaneity and uninhibited expression of emotions and feelings. Its curious to see the faction of music therapy and psychodrama unneurotic until the advent of this book acting Your Inner Music Music Therapy and Psychodrama by Joseph J. Moreno.The method that is used in this book is defined as music psychodrama, is a particular antonymous therapy. The complementary therapy integrates music and psychodrama for participants adequately exchange among music and verbal language, to complement expression of emotion and feeling. The ensemble of music improvisation, creation, using treatments from music therapy, together with traditional psychodramatic therapy, psychodramatic enactment, is a comprehensive treatment which shows better healthful effect than any single treatment of the two. The Complementary therapies, which is a edge used to describe therapy that combines both music therapy and psychodrama together concomitantly.The complementary therapy requires participants in themes to express their emotion by communicating effectively with both music and language. Participants dont need to have any musical downplay n any require to know how to play any musical instruments. In some other words, any unmatched who wants to take part in this thera py are welcome to take part in, despite age, gender, occupation and education of participants. The Musical presentation of human emotion can be expressed quite well. This brings out a new and unique treatment effect in complementary therapy. The sum total of music psychodrama is a psycho-dramatic musical improvisation ensemble.Its a representation of experiencing what happened and how individuals reacted to the given situation and ambient experience of music in combination with an acting format. In indian lodge for participants to let go of themselves and alter each individual to freely express their emotion and feeling, the following stages are operated by a psychodrama director or a clinical psychologist with musical ground Musical improvisation serve as fervid ups Action, Individual and assembly improvisation and psychodrama collectively combined constitute a common access point to Sharing. Its important to note that interpersonal relationships between client and therapi st, or psychodrama director remain strong during the whole process music spoted for the therapy is not for leisure proposes.Therefore the director needs to have a musical concealmentground and have professional understanding of music. Director also needs to have intensive training and be familiar with the therapeutic processes, as well as build up close relationship with participants. The room that psychodrama and music therapy is taking place should be quiet and flourishing for all participants to be in and enjoy. Children should not be put into a throng of adult participants, babies should not be allowed in the room. If a babe cries during the therapy, the sound of crying may tune with high pitch together with the therapeutic music. This could results unnecessary tension and upset and bought to participants, having negative emotions.* Warm upsA group of five or five participants are form either by volunteering or postulateed by a Director. Each individual is asked to select a musical instrument and then to play a solely improvisation on their instrument, expressing their feeling at the moment or overall life situation. All solo improvisation is recorded and played back for participants to discuss and analyse. This is an effective projective proficiency. Emotions and personalities of individuals can be simply revealed by sounds project through the instrumentation. Group music improvisation is another technique that helps the warm up of musical psychodrama.The principle is similar to individual improvisation. But this technique would emphasize emotions of members towards others in the group. During the orchestrated performance by phychodrama director or a musical therapiest, group members would emphasize their intragroup communication, responsiveness and sonority building of each member.For example, some would be the person who takes the leads in the group some would be supporting and coordinating the group some would infuse in their own performance therapist can observe individual reactions to the others real behaviour rather than merely see to verbal description by them. Involvement in and exposure to these experiences would help participants emerging musical imagery and emotional expression to the next stage of therapy, the musical psychodrama.* ActionProtagonist pickax of psychodrama is complete by interchange and identification of distinctive sounds of their instruments. During the action of psychodrama on the stage, protagonists need to move from one character to another character by swapping their situations, which means move himself into another persons situation, and learn and action to the other persons mind. The protagonist is living in another persons life. When verbal expression is not clear enough to express by the protagonist, music or instrument can be selected by participants to better express their feelings. For example, participant may select a drum, which is a very sizeable and dynamic instrument. The p articipant can play the drum in a very dominant and bellicose manner it would easily affect the group feeling and continuously move the whole group to a stronger strident and dynamic level.This might also create conflict between group members. The other group members may also use their instruments to change the aggressive behaviour of this participant with drum. In normal verbal communication, people who are involved in the communication also move with rhythmic synchronising with speaker. If someone wants to pass their opposite opinion or thoughts to a meeter in a soft, slow and gentle tone, listener lead tend to be easier to accept their opposite idea than someone speak in a fast and commanding voice. Music has the same effect on people in affecting peoples emotion and feelings.By playing soft and sad music, this music is responsiveness to the drum player. every(prenominal) nuance gives a continue reaction to drum players feeling. The drum player would be able to verbalise the different feelings, the subliminally sense of hearing helps him to fell and benefit from the group support that the music which is played by other members of the group. Music psychodrama can be seen as a real life. The protagonist will be in different relationships and situations, for example, accepting a death from a beloved one, or giving up part of his life. It takes great courage to release part of ego. Communication through music in the improvisation may sometimes work better and more effectively than verbal communication.Musical mirroring is an auxiliary technique to mirror the progatonists behaviour or style of interaction by a selection of an appropriate musical instrument and improvise musical statement. The advantage of musical mirroring over verbal mirroring is helping it portray the protagonists inwrought behaviour without being mired in words. Musical modelling is a technique that suggests and influences the protagonists action, behave and interact through improvisat ional statements. The advantages are similar Musical Mirroring. Break-in and Break-out techniques are very special techniques in psychodrama. They can be very strong and effective approaches in the schoolman session for break through barriers that a protagonist holds him back in a real life situation.Break-in, protagonist may feel him being excluded from a group, feeling from outside of a group and looking in Break-out is the converse situation. In both these two situations, the protagonist needs to find the first to break the inner barriers and reconnect to the outside. Group members will surround the protagonist in a solidifying with locked arms sometimes, depending on individual circumstance of protagonist, the group members will verbally taunt the protagonist and playing intensive head-in-the-clouds music protagonist needs to fight his way out of this circle and break this barrier.* SharingSharing is an essential component in psychodrama. aft(prenominal) the psychodrama en actment, all group members will be encouraged by director to share the feelings, thoughts in the experience both verbally and non-verbally. All members will be reassembling face to face in a circle. The purpose of this overlap is not only to help the protagonist feel less obscure but also help the group member to find out their identification and share these identifications. Sharing in psychodrama enable the unconsciousness mystical under in ones mind to become conscious, enable all participants to find the fundamental problems in themselves.Protagonists in music psychodrama, only homogeneous performance in other types of drama, need to be intent and throw themselves into the performance. There are many issues that would affect the performance. For example, participants need to be in a quiet and comfortable room for all activities. They will not be disturbed by others outside the room. Its also very important to build up confidence and trust between participants and director. The soul in musical psychodrama is the music that is selected for improvisation for participants. The director must be someone who has musical background and have well understanding of psychology.During the musical expression on stage, people who have no musical education normally do better than those who have been studied music for a long time. People who study music are more emotional and have more susceptibilities. They know how to technically control musical instruments and vocal, as well as rhythm sensation and volume. This is a demarcation line of applying musical psychodrama for musicians and musical students. How to use these musical techniques on these people is a subject that we can study. Certain music expression can be conveyed by the elements of music, for example, dynamic indications, differing qualities of touch and articulation, colour, intensity, energy and excitement, etc, through performance.Director needs to have certain level of appreciation of music in order to distinguish the content conveyed by participants. During the sharing, director and all participants will perplex different level of understanding. These are due to individual differences by culture, education, age, devotion and life experiences. These differences would still contribute and help participants to express their emotions freely. Both music therapy and psychodrama are therapeutic approaches for participants to active their own treatment.The participants, who can be with or without prior music background and knowledge, use music, music instruments or any alternative to verbal expression, improvising their emotions and feelings in interaction with auxiliaries. Some members of the group in these involvements might be less activated with little response to surroundings. These wordless participants are also absorbing and learning from the therapy in different levels, reflecting in a inner-action that also help with improving the pshchological status of participants.Music psychodrama in Mainland chinaPsychodrama and Music Therapy were introduced in Mainland China in the 80s. The standard of the knowledge, skills, professionalism and application of music therapy and musical psychodrama are far from the standards of similar look intoes and studies in these subjects. Both forms of practices are still in the initial stage. For example, in the middle 80s, someone used the term Music Therapy in a clinic in Hunan Province and claimed that Music Therapy can treat many diseases. The so called healer only played some soft music for patients and used music as a medicine for treatment.This was totally misunderstood at the time due to lack of knowledge in this new psychotherapy. During 1985-1986, Beijing Anding hospital and Beijing Hui Longguan hospital started researchs on Music therapy treatments for chronic mental disorders, Music therapy for senile melancholia combined therapies for chronic psychosis disorders. China Association for Music Therapy was fo rmed in 1989. In 1991, Music performance personnel stage aflutter correctional and training research was produced by Zhang Hongyi. In 1999, China indoor garden of Music formed Music therapy centre for research and development in this subject.More people started to study and research for music therapy in China recent years. Music Therapy In Treatment Of The Cancer Patients is published in Chinese Mental Health Journal in 2001 Mood and knowledge in Music Therapy is a book that was published by Wu Ji-Hong and queasy Ying in 2006. Music Therapy is growing and being more and more recognised in China in recent years. Main obstacles for developments of Music Therapy in China are listed as followings poor quality on donnish researches and studies, knowledge and skills of this psychotherapy fall behind western countries the value of academic in researches and publishes dont have the standard compare to countries like American and the UK there are not official publisher that focus in th is subject there are no professional bodies to measure and assess music therapists, neither any regulation nor laws to protect patients lack of public awareness. Psychodrama or combination of Music and Psychodrama are less common in China.People are not aware of this term and what it is involves. A small number of researches were carried out in schools and education. On School Psychodrama was published by Chen Xiaomei in Journal of Fujian Commercial College in 2006. Schools can be selected as operational bases for more researches and studied to carry out for psychodrama. Students will also benefit from different activities carried out by psychotherapist and receive good mental health education. In a research programme that was carry out in a university, 300 students were randomly selected for a mental health test. The result shows that 61 students have dissimilar degrees of psychological problems, which equals to 20.61% of candidates.The majority problems are caused by stresses c ome from studies, worries of employment, interpersonal relationships. This research provides a good breakthrough of applying music therapy for people of who can benefit. kettle of fish of Music therapy in China is the first step of development of music therapy and musical psychodrama. To develop this, musicians and therapists need to adapt to the Chinese culture and the Chinese social. A serial of arrangement need to be carried out for this fixing procedure in an academic point of view, meetings and conferences for music therapists, psychologists, musicians, and other applicable specialists to meet up, set up a proper research playing field for music therapy, either as an academic discipline or therapeutic treatment.Researches then carried out to categorize music therapy to more detailed branches and select those can be better adapt in China at the same time, establish and set up institution for this practise. Set up exams and assessment to select people who have musical and psy chological expertise to become music therapists. Set up music therapy centres and clinics in hospitals and schools for people who want to participate in the theory. Establish database and update the information for people who are interested in this field.There are currently very few workshop and activity group in Mainland China. But there are some music therapy associations and workshops in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Music Therapy Association of Taiwan is formed in 1996. In 2012, GaoXiong hospitals approved to use music therapy as a form of clinical alternation treatment for patients. Hong Kong Music Therapy mettle was formed in 2008.The centre was operated by Ms Mak, an Association of passkey Music Therapists as well as qualification from Academy for neurological Music Therapy Academy. Shes the first music therapist in Hong Kong. some(prenominal) lecturers and workshops are being held in the centre for a range of different attendants, especially youth in Hong Kong. Mainland China sh ould learn and try to lend oneself the development of music therapy in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

A Civil Action/ Irac Style Format

A well-mannered Action FACTS This movie, A Civil Action, is about a lawsuit that began with the death of 12 plenty, and eight of those twelve people were children. This on the whole takes place in the little city of Woburn Wells, Massachusetts. This is a small city that has two companies that are located really pen up to the cities river. One company is called W. R. favor Company and the new(prenominal) is Beatrice Foods. Jan Schlitnmann is the main attorney for the plaintiffs side along with his bulge outners Con centering, Gordon, and Crowley. The attorney for W. R. favor was William Cheeseman, and the attorney for Beatrice foods was Jerome Fatcher.Anne Anderson initially told wholeness of Jans partners her story and put many calls into their authority. However, she never a response from them So Anne put a call into Jan Schlitchmann charm he was on a radio show. Jan and his partners discussed the case and Jan agree to go and meet with Anne and the family members of th e children who died from Leukemia. So he went to the city of Woburn Wells. Jan dictum the companies W. R. seemliness and Beatrice Foods and thought it would be a goldmine for the law office to take on the case. Anderson told Jan that she and the other families were not looking for money in this lawsuit.The families only motivationed an apology from the companies and for someone to clean up the playing field and wee-wee sure it would not ever happen again. The alcoholism peeing that the town had been drinking was the problem. The wet had somehow been pollute with trichloroethylene and silicon (used to water proof leather). Jan was going to prove in court that W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods knowingly contaminated the river that was located in Woburn Wells and by colly the river it caused twelve people to die from leukemia. ISSUES Did the drinking water that was contaminated with trichloroethylene and silicon, by W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods, cause the leukemia dea ths and other health problems in Woburn, Massachusetts? LAW Negligence is alegalc erstwhilept in thecommon lawlegal systems mostly applied in civil wrong cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental injuries Wrongful remnant is a claim in common law jurisdictions against a mortal who can be held liable for a death DISCUSSION queen-sized muckles generally only see affaires with dollar signs. The goal of any corporation is to make the maximum profit that they can while providing a wide or service to the community. W. R.Grace and Beatrice Foods show this statement to be authentic throughout this whole movie. They are continuously trying to make this replication go away by throwing money at the family members, trying to make the suit go away and not fix the real problem. W. R. Grace Company decided that the best place to dump the T. C. E. was in the river nameation the plant. This had major effects on everyone that was in close proximity to the ri ver. It got into the drinking water, which was said to have caused 12 deaths, the reason of some miscarriages, and seizures among other health conditions, from what the claims are that is.The company tried to cover up this kind of involvement as oftentimes as possible by buying people off. They think that if they give people money for their losses than everything will be alright. For huge corporations dealing with billions of dollars these payoffs are only a drop in the bucket for them. Even a million dollars to any family is an incredible nub of money and often the money becomes more important than the real issues rump the problem and cant be passed up by a family struggling to mature by. The benefits of paying these people for their trouble are much cheaper than doing things the right way in the beginning and protecting their safety.Well, the families of Woburn Wells wanted no part of the money. They mediocre wanted the problem fixed and an apology from the ones who caused t his tragedy. Jan Schlichtmann initially didnt want to take the case because he doesnt think that there will be any money in it for him and his self-colored. Even though he goes and sees how much pain this company has caused to the people in Woburn Wells, he still doesnt precaution because of the money. Not until he realizes how big the companies are does he take the case. The firm took the case and went to work. The first hearing ruled that Beatrice Foods wasnt to be held accountable, just W. R. Grace Company,There were many scientific and complex tests that had to be slip away in order to prove that the water was contaminated by W. R. Grace. This was all at the cost of Schlichtmanns firm. As the case goes on he isnt able to achieve what he finally wanted to do because the Grace Company has so much money that they will almost everlastingly win. Schlichtmanns firm goes into debt trying to win this case and ultimately has to settle because they cant go on. Schlichtmann end up s ettling with W. R. Grace for 8 million dollars. After all debts are paid (all of the equipment that was rented, the Dr. s that ran the tests, the scientists, etc. and the fee for Schlichtmanns firm, the families were awarded $357,000 per family This made the families very upset. Not because of the amount of the money, but because when Anne Anderson initially spoke with Schlichtmann, she had told him that the families werent interested in the money. All the families ultimately wanted was were apologies, someone to take the blame for the cause of their loved ones deaths, and for the contaminated water and area to be cleaned up so this type of thing were to never happen again. After that final meeting with the families, Jan Schlichtmann and his partners all ended up all going their separate ways.Schlichtmann had a come to one day. He ended up questioning one of the workers of W. R. Grace once again, who told him the whole story regarding the disposal of the chemical waste. He told Sch lichtmann how and where they got rid of everything, which was in the river behind the plant. This was negligent on the companies part. Schlichtmann didnt have the money for the greet process, so he sent everything he had to another lawyer. This case went on for years. In the end, the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) filed a lawsuit against W. R. Grace and the companies agreed to share 69. 4 million for cleanup of the area.CONCLUSION Did the drinking water that was contaminated with Trichloroethylene and silicon, by W. R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods, cause the leukemia deaths and other health issues in Woburn, Massachusetts? Yes An employee of W. R. Grace was confronted by Jan after the foot race was over with, who came clean about the whole cover up. He was told to take a crap rid of the lay that were filled with the toxins, which he did along with several others. They dumped the hundreds of barrels into the river which was one of the main sources of water in the ci ty. There was an autopsy on one of the childrens bodies. The Dr. onfirmed that the child died from leukemia which was caused by Trichloroethylene. After many scientific tests and many years in the courtroom, both W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods were found iniquitous for the contamination of the river in Woburn Wells, which was linked to the drinking water and the cause of the leukemia deaths. This toxin, T. C. E. , was found to be in the drinking water of the city, and was digested by the children on a regular basis. The wrongful deaths of the 12 individuals in the city lay in the hands of both W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods. It was their duty of care to dispose of the chemicals in an appropriate manner.

Knowledge English Essay

So the world I came to know started when I was six, when I moved here in the United States because of my fathers job. At much(prenominal) an early age, I was transported to a place where everything seems eldritch and different. Clueless, I wept for having no choice at all. There was no unrivaled to talk to, who would understand, and who would care. I asked myself how was I supposed to survive in this estate when I do not know anybody and with little knowledge on English. The first twenty-four hourstimes were a struggle I miss my obsolescent home, my old school, my friends, everything in and approximately Japan.I was sick and homesick, did not requisite to go to the first day of grade school. But my mother oblige me to. The diligent child that I am, I went to school in San Jose. I expected to be isolated hardly my expectations were incorrect because I was welcomed by the entire school. People did not see my differences they gladly accepted me. I was happy finding myself in the company of new friends, one of whom was Corey Tucker. It was lunchtime I sat alone on the bench, crying. Someone suddenly r for each oneed everyplace and stuck a chocolate-chip cookie in my mouth. The boy opened an interesting conversation.When I told him I came from Japan, he was excited, incessantly asking questions. With awkward smiles, I answered each of his queries even though I knew my English was not so good. By the time the lunch ended, Corey and I were best friends. He soon introduced me to his friends and was slowly accepted to the school and the society I did not quite understand. They do sure I knew where the bathroom, canteen, library, clinic, and classrooms were and instilled me in the language good thing I learned fast. As we matured, my friends did not only teach me English but as well American culture, lifestyle, beliefs, and values.They hold been very positive influences, especially Corey, who was always there for me and reach remained my very good fri ends. Because of them, I came to love and hold dear life in this country. Homesickness and tears were all wiped out because I started be integrated into the society. I would come home from school tired and happy. Thus, my parents enjoyed seeing my bright disposition, realizing I have adjusted successfully. In game school, with much proficiency in English, I persevered to perform well in my studies, regarding every course essential in my pursuit of knowledge and content in life.Truth is, I got disappointed whenever a classmate argues about the unimportance of studying math or physics because he or she sees no point in spending time to learn something that provide not be of good use in the future. I despised this line of argument, as I deem every aspect of direction as an essential tool in our lives. There is a reason out why math or physics is in the curriculum and why we need to learn it. Whenever someone contends that a certain course or field of study is useless, I heat u p, compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such argument by providing specific examples from my own life or ordinary circumstances.This is the world I came from. Much of what I know today, I owe to the friends who have guided me, the teachers who have taught me beyond what the textbooks said, and my family that has stayed intact and happy despite problems and difficulties. All these people have shaped my dream and aspiration to ensue a degree in math or physics. My friends knew that I am most passionate about physics and math. They have encouraged me to hold this passion to a higher level. They have always joked that one day they ordain gladly see the Japanese friend they used to tutor become a physicist. I knew they will be happy if I pursue my dream.There is no let on way of showing my admiration for the years we have been together than showing them that the newbie they have welcomed has expectant up to be a successful man. Moreover, the school world I came from have taugh t me not only factual knowledge but also values I need in facing bigger tasks in a bigger world. I want to make them proud that I, who was one time a crybaby, feeling left out on the first day of school, am now successful in my own field and sufficient to make a difference in others lives. Furthermore, the world I came from will not be the same without the family that sacrificed leaving Japan just to better provide for my needs.My aspiration of pursuing math or physics, practice it, and hurtle into good use is largely for my mother and my father to show my clutches for their efforts and sacrifices. Since America is my world now, I aspire to realize this here in the land I have come to call my home. I have always believed that the measure of learning is its application. Therefore, I prepare myself and try to win holistic development. I continuously hope that the education I have received and will receive can be used for the advance of my world.

Black Power Movement

the States has seen itself change everywhere and over again. America is the home of the free and the brave. However, this beautiful nation has non al shipway been like this. America has had to go through domainy an(prenominal) ups and many downs to beautify. Racial discrimination has vie a huge role in American society. Even directly, there are still racial inequalities. These racial inequalities are non as elusive as they were in the advance(prenominal) and mid xix hundreds though. Two of the biggest reasons that positive move gestate been do towards eliminating racial inequality is the Harlem reincarnation and the portentous index Movement.These dickens regularts helped regularize who Americans are today. While these two events did not totally eliminate racial discrimination, they were huge roll ups in shrinking it. These two events have many things in green, but similarly many differences. Without the moody reason Movement and the Harlem rebirth, America wo uld not be where we are today. Even though African Americans were enjoying the tonic-sprung(prenominal) terrain in the United States, they could tell that there was still something missing. They did everything in their fountain to help stop against racial discrimination.They created new civilization and went out of their ways to be viewed as a regular American. They referred to themselves as New negros because they defined themselves by a sense of racial difference. They believed that they were donjon a totally different life and a whole new culture. Discrimination continued so the African Americans left the south to distributor point to bigger and better cities with to a greater extent opportunity. Many African Americans headed to New York and in general Harlem. While here the New Negros st contrivanceed an uproar of their culture called the Harlem Renaissance.This event started in Harlem, the upper portion of Manhattan. The event turned Harlem in to a center of art and cre ativity. The Harlem Renaissance gave birth to many weighty African Americans. Multiple novelists and artists were born. The New Negros began to explore American blackness in America during the xix twentys and its origins from Africa. One of the first noticeable events of the Renaissance came after a man named Charles Johnson organized a civic club dinner.Johnson constructed this dinner for the releasing of a book that had been written by a black author that Johnson believed had potential. The dinner was a total success and ashen people enjoyed the book. For the first m in history, white operated publishing houses published books that were written by Negros. fail than that, some white people started to promote the books as well. The Harlem Renaissance to a fault helped influence black musicians to perform in front of white people. The Harlem Renaissance for the first major step that Americans took on the way to becoming civilized.The Renaissance gave birth to music, art, litera ture, and dance passim Harlem and America. This wonderful event however came to an supplant in the mid nineteen thirtys. The great depression played a role in ending this marvelous event. Financial postulate became more definitive than the expression of art and music. Many sullens artists from the Renaissance had to draw Harlem to find jobs in other places. Even with having to move some of the African American writers art continued to still be published. The sable index number Movement played out in a far more violent way than the Harlem Renaissance.More than 300 race riots broke out among nineteen sixty four and nineteen sixty nine. These riots really ready the gap between a great society and the reality of an African American in to perspective. More and more violence was spread throughout Harlem when a fifteen year old color boy was tang by a white police officer in nineteen sixty four. In August of nineteen sixty five things went from bad to worse. In just five days, more than one thousand fires had been burned, and thirty four lives had been taken in Los Angeles.The Black Power Movement essential a saying. Stokely Carmichael said, What we are gonna start saying now is Black Power . This saying was interpreted in many different ways. The most common interpretation cam from the Black Panthers though. The Black Panthers were initially started to protect the black neighborhoods from the white officers. The group was formed in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The Panthers also started schools and tried to promote peace. However, they ended up becoming known for their violence.Because of the Black Panthers violence, the Black Power saying became known as hostile to some(prenominal) blacks and whites. The Black Power Movement also sparked the freedom of speech safari at the University of California at Berkley in nineteen sixty four. Americans had not seen anything like the protests at Berkley and these protests lead to counter culture. Counterculture was all rough rock and roll music, drugs, and sex. Counterculture gave us bands like The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. Students then rebelled even further to pick up that dorms should be a mix between male and female.The Black Power Movement brought a whole new outlook to America. Although there was a lot of violence going on during this time, America took positive steps as well. Americans are still affected by this movement today. The Black Power Movement slowly came to and end in the early nineteen seventys, yet we still feel the effects today. The Harlem Renaissance and Black Power Movement have many things in common, yet have just as many differences. Both of these crucial events blossomed very important black and white people.The Harlem Renaissance focused more on the art of music and literature, dapple the Black Power Movement was more about the reality of an African American. They both had a huge impact on Americans, whether the impact was positi ve or negative. These two events were very different as well. The violence in the Harlem Renaissance was nothing compared to the violence in the Black Power Movement. The Black Power Movement killed multiple people while the Harlem Renaissance did the complete opposite. The Harlem Renaissance sparked more of an art and literature movement.Without the Black Power Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, America would not be where we are today. These two events are major in American History. America is known as the home of the free and the brave. However, America has not always been this way and even today we still suffer from racism and segregation. Racial inequalities played a huge role back during this events. If there was no racial inequalities none of these events probably would have happened. America is shaped the way we are today because of the events of our countrys past.Works Citedhttp//www.biography.com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance.jsp

English as a World Language Essay

The global spread of side of meat over the hold up 50 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways by the increasing number of users of the language, by its depth of permeation pEmIeISn into societies and its crease of functions. at that place is a model consisting of 3 girds proposed by B.B. Kachru in 1982 in order to describe regional varieties of English. The 1st or inner rank includes plenty who speak English as their vernacular language (200-400 mln speakers).The outer(a) circle includes people who live territories colonized by Britain and USA (India, Nigeria). And the expanding circle includes the rest of the human race which is learning English.English is used for more decision than ever before. Over 70% of the innovations scientists read English. About 85% of the mankinds mail is written in English. And 90% of all tuition in the worlds electronic retrieval systems is stored in English.There be several basic characteristics of the English language which make it so popular. 1) The simplicity of form. It has no many inflections to show singular and plural, tense, person resembling in German, Russian and French. Verbs have very few inflections and adjectives do non change according to the noun. 2) Flexibility. As a result of loss of inflections English has become a very flexible language. Without inflections the same word nominate operate as many different parts of speech. Many nouns and verbs coexist in form. Adjectives idler be used as verbs. 3) Openness of vocabulary. This include the free admissions of words from other languages and easy creation of compounds and derivatives. Most world languages have contributed some words to English.Though English is a world language there be some ideas of creating a lingua franca which allow be the vehicle for international communication. Such a lingua franca can become Esperanto. Created in 1887 by Ludvig Zamenhof as ameans of unifying(a) the whole world its spoken by 8 mln people al l over the world. Its taught at schools in China, Hungary and Yugoslavia. There are some advantages of Esperanto as a 2nd language. -Its easier to learn (Esperanto has 16 rules and no exeptions). -Its a neutral language. It has no political or cultural bias. -It saves money because 55% of expenses in all international organizations are spent on interpreters and translators. But nevertheless English which began 1500 years agone as a rude language now encompasses the world. There is no reason to believe that any other language will out within the next 50 years to replace English. However it is come-at-able that English will not keep its monopoly in the 21st century. A small number of languages may form an oligopoly each with special body politic of influence (Spanish for example).English has been an international language for further 50 years. geographically its the most widespread language on Earth, second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it. Its the la nguage of business, technology, sport and aviation. This will no doubt continue although the offer that all other languages will die out is absurd.

Cultural Issues of Human Resource Management

Inter depicted object ledger of Evidence found learn and Mentoring Vol. 5. nary(prenominal) 2 August, 2007 rapscallion 45 Carrying heathenish Baggage the contribution of socio- ethnic anthropology to cross- ethnic train Barbara St Claire-Ostwald, CINCRA external passenger car & procreation Consultancy, UK Email Contact emailprotected com Abstract This chew over examines the pagan aw beness of professionals works in organisations.Given the multiethnical nature of immediatelys workforce, it is becoming increasingly important for companies and pushchaires alike to take into depend how cross- heathen deflections whitethorn run daily working practices. The read draws on a criticism of current research into heathen dimensions and looks at the mixed alliance surrounded by reputation and goal our cultural baggage. In order to search the touch sensations and cultural awareness of participants, a questionnaire was organizeed.The purpose of the questionnaire was to commit themes and orientations to cross-cultural issues in foothold non only of communality but excessively of paradoxes. The results highlighted a high take of recognition of cultural dilemmas and a comprehend need and willingness to address and reconcile them. until instantaneously, the diversity of opinions roughly the potential bene lasts of circumstantial methods of addressing cultural dilemmas suggested consider adequate uncertainly astir(predicate) traffic with cross cultural issues.Key Words Cross-cultural, cultural baggage, cultural dimensions, train, mentoring, socio-cultural anthropology Introduction The aim of this paper is to herald on the results of a study designed to explore the emerging fit of cross-cultural instruct (Rosinski 2003) and to establish the levels of awareness about, and attitudes to cross-cultural issues the patterns and/or traffichips between awareness, attitudes and cultural dimensions among bloodlinees and business organisatio n consultants, coaches, mentors and coaching/mentoring organisations.I began this study from the sight that man in that respect has been or so research into mentoring and coaching, there appeared to be little that counselsed specifically on cross-cultural influences. In my review of the for sale literature, it became increasingly ready that the integration of a cultural perspective into coaching was very overmuch at the pi integrityering stage. The main aims of this study were to try and establish levels of awareness bout, and attitudes to cross-cultural issues and to study the patterns and/or relationships between awareness, attitudes and the cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede and Trompenaars and HampdenTurner among businesses and business consultants, and coaching organisations. Cross-cultural coaching addresses the counsel in which cultural differences affect the daily lives of people, and raises awareness of cultural differences and the topic they tin acquire on the process of managing others and doing business in general.In todays global sparing organisations understand that to sustain roaring and resilient businesses and to keep their competitive edge, they must(prenominal) develop employees who understand their global business, and employ people with global skills. Rosinski (2003) and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) open developed pioneering work in cross-cultural competencies and coaching methods. At a fundamental level, their International diary of Evidence Based learn and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 46 work has been establish on the kit and caboodle of socio-cultural anthropologists Hofstede (1980) and Schwartz (1994).Their contribution in overcoming cultural miscommunication, tension and conflict, including the perils of stereotyping and mono-culturalism, has helped to formulate and explore the surmisal of this study. Cultural baggage a by-product of cultural systems Socio-anthropological thinking is found on the premise that all humans are born with the akin introductory physical characteristics, but depending on where they grow up, each private is opened to disparate climates, foods, languages, religious beliefs and so onTherefore, are we really self-made or did our parents, teachers, families and friends have a hand in it? (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 1997, p. 54). Thus, one could quit that the socioanthropological perspective on shade takes a holistic view, describing ending as a pattern of learned and shared behaviours of people and/or sorts consisting of belief systems and languages and of well-disposed relationships be they personal, organisational, or institutional. (Hall, 1963 Hall and Hall, 1987 Hofstede, 1980 Kondo, 1990 Levi-Strauss, 1966 Schwartz, 1994).Therefore, at a fundamental level, it could be argued that finis is a representation of a complete way of support of a people who share the same attitudes, values and practices. Csikszentmihalyi ( 1997, p. 7) makes the distinction of individuation by using snowflakes as a metaphor They look identical as they fall, but taking a closer look, we soon gather up that they are non identical. Hence, he argues, rather than seeing identicalness element as a single unitary self, perhaps cultural identity element should be viewed as being multi-faceted, i. e. cknowledging that people have a total of selves or identities depending on scene and condition. For example, the biggest barrier unmarrieds and/or employees encounter is not necessarily that they come from different parts of the world, or that they speak a different language or even occupy a different physical space, it is the baggage they carry in their aver cultural suitcases which require to be explored. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner maintain that what people expect depends on where they come from, and the meanings they go along to what they have or are experiencing.They argue that expectations occur on more(pren ominal) different levels, from concrete, explicit level to implicit and sub intended ones (1997, p. 21). Furthermore, they describe culture as consisting of conglomerate layers The outer layers are the products and artefacts that symbolise the deeper, more basic values and assumptions about life. The different layers are not separate from one another, but are complementary . The shared meanings that are the core of the culture are man-made are in corporated into people within a culture yet transcend the people in culture. (1997, p. 7) Cross-cultural dilemmas Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner argue that Every culture distinguishes itself from others by the specific solutions it chooses to certain problems which reveal themselves as dilemmas (p. 8) to this end, they have incorporated best management theories into their own analysis of the problem of managing across cultures. These theories were realized by using a participant questionnaire profiler, which was based on their Seven Dime nsions of Culture model and by incorporating Trompenaars and Woolliams modeling for managing veer across cultures.Similarly, Rosinski breaker points out the dangers of our assumptions and beliefs systems when working with coachees from varying origins and backgrounds. He argues that by providing a framework for integrating coaching and cultural perspectives, i. e. examining numerous International Journal of Evidence Based instruct and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 47 cultural orientations, styles and approaches to coaching, the development of a cross-cultural mindset will be facilitated.For example, he writes Our identity could be viewed as this personal and combat-ready entailment of multiple cultures. Our behaviour will typically vary depending on the group we happen to be associated with . . The fact that our behaviours depend in part on the particular cultural context further in effect(p)ifies the need for coaches to integrate the cultural perspective into the ir practice. In some cases the obstacle to someones jump on may be cultural rather than psychological, thus calling for a different coaching dialogue. p. 1) Furthermore, he maintains that cultural awareness is more than just realizing another culture is different from our own it is too about encyclopedism to value that other culture. He argues that culture is behind our behaviour, and often without our realization. It croupe influence how close we stand, how loud we speak, how we deal with conflict and as a result, by failing to understand how culture impacts our needs and preferences, culture arse often lead us to misinterpret behaviour.Methodology As the research was exploratory, I focussed the design on twain main aspects the initial review of literature which drew on a broad array of coaching and socio-anthropological theories and studies, and the less extensive, but nevertheless in-depth cross-cultural coaching work of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997), and Rosinski (2003). In turn, this earmarkd the basis for the primary research, which took the form of a questionnaire which was sent to a blue expert subject area type to let out cross-cultural themes and patterns.To ensure that stick with participants had some recognizable expertise on the subject under investigation, I adopted the model in (Fig. 1) below. On the one hand, I was attempting to measure levels of awareness of cross-cultural issues, as well as to explore the concomitant opinions, beliefs and assumptions, and how they advert to the dimensions of culture. I was also trying to make sure that the survey respondents would have an interest in this particular area of study. Fig. Survey stress and Questionnaire Model Corporate/Business Consultants Awareness Opinions instruct Organisations The survey sample was not only limited in size, but also in terms of the geographical make-up of the participants, who were mostly from the U. K. with the rest from continental Europe. By Int ernational Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 48 extension it would be difficult to generalise from the results, however, this was not the innovation of the study.While gender could also be a factor which might influence attitudes and resolutions, the exploratory nature of the study precluded it from being a controlled varying at this point, although this issue could form the basis for further research. The purpose of the initial questionnaire was to elicit the opinions of the survey participants in order to identify themes and orientations to cross-cultural issues, in terms of communality as well as potential paradoxes.It was also intend to see how these opinions and orientations fitted with responses to questions about the various cultural dimensions identified and developed by Hofstede and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner. The questionnaire was therefore divided into two parts. The first section intercommunicate the opinions about attitudes, values and behaviours pertaining to culture in general, cultural dilemmas and, to crosscultural coaching and training specifically.I also decided to use a reckon of similar questions to check for inconsistencies in responses, which might indicate either a paradox in terms of opinions, possibly a conflict between a norm and a assumption individuals personal view, or could reflect a lack of appreciation for, or indeed indifference to, a given issue. The second section of the questionnaire was constructed on the basis of Hofstedes and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turners cultural dimensions, and sought to elicit culture-specific values, beliefs and assumptions which could influence cross-cultural interaction within a professional environment.Results, discussions and recommendations In analyzing the responses to the questionnaire, it was evident that there was a high level of recognition of the importance of cross-cultural issues, and the need to address and reconcile them. Ho wever it was very difficult to define or quantify levels of cultural awareness, which was to some extent unsurprising given the complexity of the issues involved. But as I outlined in the methodology, a major objective was also to explore the quality of awareness and ground of cultural dilemmas and dimensions.In this respect, the first section of the questionnaire (on attitudes to culture and potential cross-cultural training solutions) was very instructive in terms of perceptions about the relationship between culture and personality. In my opinion, the most remarkable contrast was that there was considerably great agreement that culture shapes the personality and a lot more uncertainty about how the individual shapes culture. This mental picture was further reinforced by the general agreement that managers from different cultures do not necessarily find it easy to adapt their behaviour to fit the different needs of another culture.From a coaching perspective, it suggests some anxiety needs to be paid to how an individual perceives and relates to his/her culture. For example, there is a swooning difference between seeing culture as providing a framework for affectionate interaction, which is constantly evolving, and on the other hand perceiving culture as providing a set of social constraints. In either case, there may be some elements of our culture, which at an individual level are considered to be important in our everyday lives, while there are others which may be difficult to accept, which could be sources of tension with other members of our culture.Given that such perceptions may be operating partly at a subconscious level, this may not be easy to establish. But they appear to me to be a significant element in the process of gaining a better intellectual of our cultural baggage, i. e. in how we synthesize the myriad of cultural groupings to which we are exposed on a daily basis. There was greater diversity of opinion about the benefits of speci fic cross-cultural training solutions, and when, where and how they might be applied.The initial conclusion that can be drawn is this shows that the process of integrating the cross-cultural domain into both business and coaching practice is still at an early stage of development. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 49 As far as improving the general awareness and understanding of the benefits of cross-cultural training, three sets of responses in the first section seem to me to define some of the issues that need to be addressed.Firstly the fact that half of the respondents thinkd that cultural issues within organisations are dealt with only if they relate to behavioural issues is indicative of a certain level of resistance to dealing with these issues, which may be due to an appreciation of the complexity of such issues. On the other hand, if cultural issues in some organisations are only addressed when there is a behavio ural conflict, then this will tend to throw off them in a negative light.Hence it does lead to the conclusion that some organisations are not sufficiently aware that ignoring and playing spile cultural differences, as well as evaluating them negatively, is a major contributor to miscommunication, misunderstanding and conflict. Secondly, while coaches largely agreed that business managers recognise that diversity training should now include cross-cultural training for employees sent on global assignments, the business organisation responses were much divided.This leads me to conclude that some businesses are either unaware, or possibly not persuaded of the benefits of this specific approach. Nevertheless this set of responses, and the fact that no(prenominal) of the respondents disagreed that incorporating the dilemmas deriving from the differences in cultural dimensions help organisations to integrate their cultural orientations suggests that the make out area of uncertainty amo ng businesses and coaches is the method and/or models of integrating cultural dilemmas.The point that this suggests to me is, that before any attempt is made to develop the skills necessary to pull off the differences between cultures, a greater awareness of how we pull off difference in our own culture is required. This is to say we need to be more consciously and self-critically aware of the assumptions that underlie our habitual responses and modes of interaction, in other words our cultural baggage. In principal this is already the main focus of traditional coaching and mentoring.But I believe considerably more research needs to be conducted into how these methods and skills can be developed to take account of and integrate cross-cultural issues and dilemmas. From national to cross-cultural perspectives Cross-cultural research has largely focused on national differences because it is much easier to establish a persons nationality, than to identify him/her as belonging to anoth er type of cultural grouping, be that regional, professional, political, economical or social.The most frequently cited reason is that a given individual will be a member of numerous forms of socalled sub-cultures or high level cultures (e. g. European), which in effect rules them out as unique independent variables. But I believe that without exercising some control for the effect of these other cultural variables, it is difficult to be sure that attributing a given behaviour, belief, value or attitude expressed by an individual to national cultural influences is theoretically or empirically valid.For example, even at a national level, there has to be particular care to acknowledge the difference between ethnically diverse nations such as Canada or Malaysia ethnically and/or religiously divided nations such as Belgium or the former(prenominal) Yugoslavia, or relatively homogeneous nations such as Japan or Korea, let alone very complex national cultures such as China or India. In essence, this does nothing more than acknowledge that socio-cultural anthropology is the study of the dilemmas and problems of differences and similarities not only between, but also within societies.In the specific context of this study, one of the most interesting aspects of the responses to the second section of the questionnaire on cultural dimensions was the differences in opinions both within and between coaches and business organisations. My original intention in including a section on cultural dimensions was to explore the relationship between these responses and those on the first section of the questionnaire. But the differences of opinions between the two sets of respondents on universalism vs. particularism and individualism vs. ommunitarianism (Fig. 6) suggested to me that I had to consider whether these opinions in some way reflected values that were influenced by the differing needs and requirements of the corporate and coaching environments. I cannot conclude whethe r this was the key influence International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 50 on these responses. However I do think this emphasizes that it is tenuous to assume that the responses to such value dimensions questionnaires can be ascribed largely to national culture.I also believe that the way that corporate and professional culture influences our habits and values requires a great deal more in-depth research. For example, it might be interesting to establish whether there are differences in the responses to a cultural dimensions questionnaire between professional groups, e. g. doctors, police officers, computer programmers, sports professionals, etc. , and how these compare to national differences. However, it also has to be acknowledged that the difficulty of plan any definite conclusions about key influences is clearly a bound to the use of questionnaires in general.This does suggest it would have been preferable to be able to expa nd and explore the data that was generated by the questionnaires via follow-up interviews. But, as discussed in the methodology, this would have required a lot more time and resources than were available to me in this study. Nevertheless analyzing the results in relation to the problem of ignoring and playing down the importance of cultural differences also suggested that the questionnaire design needed refinement.Specifically, I was unable to deduce or make any assumptions about what level of importance each respondent attached to each of the dimensions. A system of be the various value dimensions is not a new concept or methodology, in that it is very similar to the two basic bipolar dimensions of bareness to change vs. conservation and selfenhancement vs. self transcendence that are incorporated as higher dimensions in the Schwartz Value Inventory (Fig. 4).But more importantly I think that more research into develop a system of be the value dimensions would not only help to identify those value dimensions, which may be ignored, downplayed or even negatively evaluated, but also provide a potentially very useful tool for integrating the cross-cultural dimension into traditional coaching and mentoring practices. Conclusion From this specific perspective, a focus on quantifying how national cultures differ along the various value dimensions that have been identified does run some risk of contributing to the formation of cultural stereotypes, which have little or no predictive value.This is why greater emphasis needs to be placed on understanding our own cultural baggage from a coaching perspective, particularly on the dynamic processes of the way in which our own culture has, and is evolving. The building blocks of improving cultural awareness and developing cross-cultural skills therefore have much in common with the key skills associated with building rapport as a coach or mentor. For the coach or business organisation, it is therefore about understandin g the processes involved with the different shipway in which we negotiate social interaction, and the elements of the various models of culture.These range from the apparently simple distinction between the visible and invisible level of values (Fig. 1) to the complexity of Schwartzs Theoretical model of relations among motivational value types and two basic bipolar value dimensions (Fig. 4). It is about raising our awareness of what is subconscious and invisible up to a conscious and visible level and from there we can develop the skills necessary to negotiate ways of interacting with others whose values, attitudes and habits, or indeed in contexts are unfamiliar to us.I believe that if this is to be achieved, coaching and cross-cultural research needs to transcend the limitations of a focus on national culture. It needs to acknowledge that cultural identity should be viewed as being multi-faceted, and that people have a number of selves or identities depending on context and sett ing. The work of Schwartz, Hofstede and Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner has provided very valuable keenness into the cultural dimensions, which help to identify the way in which values differ between national cultures.However, they would also be the first to acknowledge that International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 51 national cultures are in a constant press out of change, and this in turn dictates the need to evolve their questionnaires, re-analyze the accompanying databases of results, and amend and delimitate their models accordingly. But perhaps the key aspect for further research is to develop methods that place a greater emphasis on the processes though which culture changes.In other words how human actions and practices change, and new meanings evolve in response to changes to social contexts. By this I mean for example the impact of increase migration (whether voluntary, or in response to political or economic factors), or the proliferation of new forms of communication like the internet, not only on working environments, but on the myriad ways in which we organize our social lives. The point being that this should help to move research and practice from a focus on more abstract concepts such as values, to the ways in which culture is produced and negotiated.Consequently, as Rosinski (2003, p. xviii) said, intercultural professionals will be better equipped to fulfil their commitment to extend peoples worldviews, bridge cultural gaps, and enable successful work across cultures. References Clutterbuck, D. (1985), Everyone needs a Mentor, facts of life talent at work (3rd Ed), Trowbridge The Cromwell Press Clutterbuck, D. (2003), The Problem with research in mentoring The Coaching and Mentoring Network Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997), Living Well, The Psychology of Everyday support, London Weidenfeld and Nicolson Flaherty, J. 1999), Coaching Evoking Excellence in Others, Burlington MA Elsevier Foucau lt, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge Selected Interviews and Other publications 1972-1977, Ed. Colin Gordon, New York Pantheon Books Gray, J. (2000), Two Faces of Liberalism, London Polity Press Hall, E. T. (1963), The Silent Language, Greenwich computed axial tomography Fawcett Publications Inc. Hall, E. T. (1976), beyond Culture, Garden City NY Anchor Press Hall, E. T. (1984), The Dance of Life The Other Dimension of Time, Garden City NY Anchor Press/Doubleday Hall, E. T. & Hall, M. R. 1987), hide Differences Doing business with the Japanese, Garden City NU Anchor Press/Doubleday Hall, E. T. & Hall, M. R. (1990), Understanding Cultural Differences, Yarmouth, ME Intercultural Press Hofstede, G. H. (1980), Cultures Consequences International Differences in piss-Related Values, Beverly Hills Sage Publications Hofstede, G. H. (1991), Cultures and Organizations software product of the Mind, London McGraw-Hill U. K. , (1997) New York, McGraw-Hill U. S. A. , Third Millennium Edition, an d (2004) New York McGraw-Hill U. S. A. Hofstede, G.H. (1998), Masculinity and muliebrity The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures, Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications Hofstede, G. H. & McCrae, R. R. (2004), genius and Culture Revisited Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture, Cross-Cultural query, Vol. 38, No. 1, p. 52-88 Hussey, J. & Hussey, R. (1997), Business Research A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, London Macmillan Press Ltd. Jarvis, J. (2004), Coaching and Buying Coaching Services a CIPD guide, London CIPD Enterprises Ltd Kerlinger, F. N. 1979,) Behavioural Research A Conceptual Approach, New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston Kondo, D. (1990), Crafting Selves Power, Gender and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace, Chicago University of Chicago Press, pp. 9, 11-24 International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 52 Kram, K. E. (1988), Mentoring at Work Developmental Relationships in Organ izational Life, Lanham University Press of America Kuhn, T. S. (1962), The Structure of scientific Revolutions, Chicago University of Chicago Press Levi-Strauss, C. 1966), The Savage Mind, London Weidenfeld and Nicolson Megginson, D. & Clutterbuck, D. (1995), Mentoring in exertion a practical guide for managers, London Kogan Page Ltd. Nietzsche, F. quotes, QuotationsPage (2005) http//www. quotationspage. com/quotes/Friedrich_Nietzsche/ Oxford lexicon of position (2003), Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson (Editors), Oxford Oxford University Press Peterson, D. & Hicks, M. D. (1996), Leader as coach Strategies for coaching and developing others, Minneapolis, MN Personnel Decisions International Potter, J. Wetherell, M. (1995), Discourse analysis, in Smith, J. , Harre, R. , van Langenhove, R. , (Eds), Rethinking Methods in Psychology, London Sage Robson C. (1992), Real World Research A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitionerresearchers, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Rosinsk i, P. (2003), Coaching Across Cultures, London Nicholas Brealey Schwartz, S. H. (1994), Beyond Individualism/Collectivism New Dimensions of Values. in Individualism and Collectivism surmise Application and Methods, U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C.Kagitciabasi, S. C. Choi and G. Yoon (Eds) Newbury Park CA Sage. Tao Te Ching quotes, ThinkExist quotations (2005), http//en. thinkexist. com/quotes/Tao_Te_Ching The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), quaternary Ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin The Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sociology (1991), 4th edition, Guilford, Connecticut The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (1997), Riding the Waves of Culture, London Nicholas Brealey (2nd Ed) Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. 1993), The Seven Cultures of Capitalism, London Piatkus Trompenaars, F. & Woolliams, P. (2003), Journal of Change commission Vol. 3, 4, p. 361375 Henry Stewart Publication Watson, T. J. (2001), In Search of Management Cult ure, chaos and control in managerial work, London Thomson Learning Whitworth, L. , Kimsey-House, H. , Sandahl, P. (1998), Co-Active Coaching, Palo Alto, CA Davies-Black Publishing Zachary, L. J. (2000), The Mentors Guide Facilitating Effective Learning Relationships, San Francisco Jossey-Bass Zeus, P. & Skiffington, S. 2002), The Coaching at Work Toolkit A Complete Guide to Techniques and Practices, Australia McGraw-Hill Barbara StClaire-Ostwald is an international coach and freelance consultant who specialises in cross-cultural awareness and developing successful and effective communication skills for global managers and teams. Barbara grew up in the United country as a Polish/British dual national. Prior to setting up her coaching practice CINCRA, she lived and worked in the UK, Continental Europe and magnetic north Africa for over 30 years working for multinationals in the private, public and not for profit sectors.Barbara is a member of the European Mentoring and Coaching Co uncil (EMCC) and until recently, Chair of the EMCC European Conference Committee. She is also a member of the British Psychological Society, charter Institute of Personnel Development, British Sociological Association and the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR). She is tri-lingual (Polish, English, French) and she is able to converse in Dutch, German, Czech and Slovak.