How Effective Is Cooling Down

?How effective is sweating at cooling you down? DC The temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute Temperature (Â ±0. 05 Â °C) Minute Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 77 82 70 76 2 75 80 64 70 3 72 76 59 65 4 69 73 55 60 5 67 71 53 57 6 65 68 50 53 7 64 66 48 51 8 63 64 46 48 9 61 61 44 46 10 59 60 42 44 11 58 58 41 43 12 56 56 40 41 13 55 55 39 40 14 54 53 38 38 15 53 52 37 37 (All number is put into one whole number) DCP The percentage change of the temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute + average percentage change Percentage change in temperature (Â ±0. 5 %) Trials Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 27 34 31 67 2 31 37 47 51 3 29 60 4 34 32 61 75 5 37 42 52 62 6 31 53 7 35 41 57 63 8 29 39 53 60 9 35 38 61 70 10 37 43 57 54 11 30 36 52 60 Average 32 38 53 62 (All number is put into one whole number) Calculations: Percentage Change in temperature: (Final-Initial)/Final x 100 = % change Initial Data chosen: Dry; Final=53, initial=79. 9-53/79 x 100 = 33% Average percent change in temperature: The sum of all percent changes in temperature for dry / the number of percentages 27 + 31 + 29 + 34 + 37 + 31 + 35 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 30/11 = -32% average percent change in temperature Conclusion The experiment was designed to investigate how sweating is effective on cooling you down. Four test tubes containing water that was all in different condit ions of one being a normal test tube covered in newspaper, the same but was blown with a fan, a wet test tube covered in newspaper and the same one that was blown with a fan. For fifteen minutes, the temperature of the water in the test tube is measured every minute. The results above have shown that the test tube that was covered with dry newspaper’s percentage change is not that great from the original to the final temperature, as it is only 32%. As wind is blown to the same dry newspaper test tube, the percentage change of the temperature increase, being 38%. When it comes to the test tube covered with the wet newspaper the percentage change increase much more with a 53 % change. The highest percentage change, with 62% is the test tube that was covered with wet newspaper and blown by the wind. In theory, as our body heats up over the normal temperature, our body senses that there is an increase in heat, therefore it releases heat as sweat to cool us down. This is monitored by a part of our brain called the hypothalamus which monitors the temperature of blood in our body. The hypothalamus sends signals when our blood temperature increases or decreases. It sends signals because there is a change in levels, this called negative feedback. The signals sent is then carried by neurons to other parts of the body, this process happens by the arterials being widen, which then will make the blood flow through our skin. Consequently, our shunt vessels will close; the blood will then transfer heat from our body core to the skin. Thus the temperature of our skin will increase, which then eventually cause our body to sweat. Based on the results that were obtained from the data were similar to the theory, when our body is wet, the temperature changes and decreases more. Similar from the data above, the wet newspaper had a 53% changed compared to 32% dry newspaper. This indicates that when our body is wet, there is a higher chance of a larger percentage change than being dry. Same, when the wind blows to the newspaper, it made it faster for the temperature to return normal. Furthermore, the Standard Deviation error bars are not too far apart to the column thus it shows that my data is fairly accurate. Evaluation Limitations Why? Suggestion The different initial temperature of water Because the water that was poured into the test tube had different temperatures at the start, the change in temperature of each test tube aren’t constant By boiling the water in a specific temperature, so that when it is poured the temperature will be the same The layering of newspaper for each test tube When the layering of the newspaper is thick, it will keep the test tube slow down the rate of changing temperature, with a thin newspaper, it will be faster Keep the newspaper layering at the same thickness, make sure each test tube is covered in the same amount of layers Difficult to tell the temperature through the test tube/newspaper Because we can’t raise the thermometer up, there was a difficulty in reading it, as it was covered by the newspaper, so then we had to guess sometimes By layering it with something more translucent, so that it will be easier to see The different distance of the fan As there was no standards for the length of distance of the fan to the test tube, the percentage change will not be precise By making the distance from the fan to the test tube a control, thus having the same distance for each

New England and the Chesapeake Colonies Essay

When Jamestown was originally settled, and when the Mayflower landed, the colonists who emerged from the ships had huge plans and tremendous goals for what would come of their own colony. However, although both settled regions were the new homes to a majority of the English, two separate societies formed. In New England, the colonists were religious extremists hoping to form a perfect society, while gold hunters with little or no desire to create a permanent home flocked to the Chesapeake region. The colonists in the north were more concerned with family values than those in the south, whose society suffered from a great lack of women and such a high death rate that family ties were hard to keep. As time went by, the development of slavery and indentured servitude started making an autocracy of rich cash crop farmers in the Chesapeake region, while in New England continued to have a majority of small farmers, along with some fishermen and shipbuilders. The differences between the colonists’ goals, populous, and economy caused New England and the Chesapeake region to form completely separate societies. When the Pilgrims landed in New England, they had no desire other than to create a community which could worship God in the way they saw fit, which was completely different than the desire of the Chesapeake settlers, who wanted gold. The New England colonies were established by religious groups with a strong belief in God and the ability to create a perfect society under Him. They marveled in their religious conviction which allowed them to travel to a completely foreign land, and were positive that, while following their belief system, they could create the perfect mixture of religion, politics, and justice (document A). The amount of effort which the colonists in New England tried to form the perfect society – their â€Å"city upon the hill – went to such an extent that the Articles of Agreement, written in Spr ingfield, 1636, stated that â€Å"our town shall be composed of forty families† (Document D). The New England colonists were so willing to form a perfect community, that they tried to keep track of every little detail of their towns. However, in the Chesapeake region, instead of trying desperately to keep everything in order, the colonists simply wanted to search for gold and return to their home, England. The colonists who went to the Chesapeake region had signed contracts which stated that, for a specific amount of years, they would have to stay in America and search for gold. This, from the start, put a search  for wealth into the southern society. As these contracted colonists searched for gold, they were not allowed to establish true towns or grow crops that would help them survive. Also, the colonists planned on only staying within the area for long enough to find gold, and then to return back to England, causing the desire for community life to decrease. Since they did not build towns and communities as those in New England did, they did not have the same close relationships within neighborhoods grow, as it did for the Puritans. Due to the different goals the colonists had – New England settlers w anting an ideal society, and Chesapeake settlers wanting gold, their growing societies were bound to have differences. As the colonies began to grow, problems with the climate in the Chesapeake region that were not present in New England forced the different regions’ societies to differ all the more. The Chesapeake region, although a great location for defense against enemies, was, basically a swamp. The local area had hot, humid weather that, along with diseases such as malaria, caused the population to have incredibly high death rates. Families never survived long, making remarriages increasingly common and grandparents a foreign idea. To add to the colonists’ discomfort, the amount of women who moved to the area was quite a bit smaller than the amount of men. On a ship heading for Virginia in 1635, only eleven women accompanied sixty-four men (Document C). These highly disproportionate statistics caused family values to decrease; many marriages in which the woman was already pregnant started occurring more commonly and many men went their entire lives without marrying. On quite a different hand, however, the colonists in New England were fortunate enough to live in a friendly climate. Families had many children, often the number of family members reaching into the teens. Along with the fertile area, the colonists were more family oriented, in general, which aided to the ir wish for a model society. More often than in the Chesapeake region, entire families would flock to the New World, making the number of males relatively equal to the number of males (Document B). This allowed for families to be more connected; children in New England were more able to connect with their families, grandparents, and communities than those of the settlers in the Chesapeake region. The terrible climate which caused death to be common in the Chesapeake region, along with the small amount of women, caused its society to differ from that of the colonists in  New England which had large numbers of children and strong family values. As the colonists in the South realized that cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo grew incredibly well in their climate, they also realized the need for large plantations, while colonists in the North depended on fishing, shipbuilding, and small farms to survive. After a bit of experimenting, the southern colonists realized that several crops could grow exceptionally well in their swampy climate that could bring them a rather large profit. However, these crops took an extremely high amount of effort that many farmers were not willing to give. So, instead, they â€Å"hired† indentured servants to do the work for them. While these farmers received labor for several years, they also received a land claim which was given to anyone who paid for a voyage to the New World, whether he was the actual person to take the trip or not. While this brought many new people over as indentured servants, the original farmers gained more land, which allowed them to make more money. However, while the original farmers were becoming quite rich, the indentured servants, once freed, gained barely anything, and no land rights which allowed them to start their own farms. The poor ex-servants became outraged at their inability to find any sort of jobs other than working for their former masters. The southern society was quickly becoming an autocracy, since the small amount of wealthy plantation owners ruled over the poor small farmers and indentured servants. However, the ex-servants’ unrest soon became solid with Bacon’s rebellion. Suddenly, the plantation owners noticed the need for a work-force, which led to a large increase of slave imports. The most cruel and heartless business operation, which lead to an even greater separation between rich and poor in the southern autocracy, had begun. However, in New England, where large plantations were nearly impossible due to the incredible rocky terrain, fishing was discovered. The colonists discovered a large abundance of cod near their colony, which led to the creation of fishing industries, a business that turned into a very important part of New England life. Along with fishing, the fores ts surrounding the New England colonies allowed the colonists to start shipbuilding companies, which also added to the economy. However, although the fishing and shipbuilding were important to the New England economy, a majority of the people continued to grow family-sized farms. While the Chesapeake region had large plantations which made town  meetings and get-togethers nearly impossible, the sea-oriented businesses of the New England colonies allowed the towns to be more extroverted. Although both regions of colonies in the New World had originated from the same small island, almost immediately the resulting societies differed substantially. Since one group of colonists fled from their home country to avoid religious persecution, and another group fled in order to avoid an economic depression, one society started with a stronger religious bases than the other. Since one group began with families and strong values while another group began with a large group of men and few women, one society had stronger family ties while the other one worried about extinction. Since one group established an autocracy bas ed off of large plantations, and the other off of small fishing and farming communities, one society had a larger gap between poor and rich than the other. The differences between family values, population, economy, and religion between the Chesapeake region and New England caused the two regions to form extremely separate societies.

Historical and religious values and attachments to the Holy Lands of Essay

Historical and religious values and attachments to the Holy Lands of Jews, Christians and Arab Muslims - Essay Example The three major and most dominating religions of the world are in rivalry with each other since ages in order to capture and practice complete authority in the Holy Land. This is due to their religious beliefs and the Prophetic evidences existing in the Holy Land. Compare and analyze the historical and religious values and attachments to the â€Å"Holy Lands† of Jews, Christians and Arab Muslims. The Holy Land which was once recognized as ‘Palestine’ has a deep and distinctive association with three major religions of the world including Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Since ages the followers of these religions have maintained rivalry to occupy and practice authority over the Holy sites of Palestine. These religions have numerous similarities such as the concept of Monotheism and dissimilarities or conflicts on the basis of Prophets and their teachings which always have been a reason of dispute among them. Holy Land as the name indicates is the sacred place wher e Muslims, Christians and Jews go for performing religious duties and obligations. The place is blessed to witness the Prophetic events concerning Prophet Solomon, Prophet Jesus and lastly Prophet Muhammad. Presently Holy lands are under the authority of Jews however, historical records reflect that it was once in the influence of Muslims and Christians as well.... Christians Christians are the followers of Prophet Jesus. Since the time of Prophet Jesus till now they are claiming authority over the Holy Land as most of the life of Prophet Jesus was spent there. Christians recognize Palestine as their Prophet’s Land and therefore they have been struggling hard to get the hold of the Holy Land so that they can implement their religious teachings there. Most of the events in the life of Prophet Jesus which took place in the Holy land are mentioned in New Testament which reflects the close association of Christians with Palestine1. Christians believe that Prophet Jesus was crucified in the Holy land therefore they have built an extraordinary monument at the place where it all happened. The special monument is known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Since ages Christians have been traveling to the Holy land for performing several religious practices and rituals2. Christians want to establish their rule over the Holy Land in order to smooth the pathway for pilgrimages and also to take over the place which initially belonged to their Prophet. An exchange of powers is seen among the followers of the three religions when it comes to practice authority over the Holy Land. Presently it is under the control of Jews and previously it was under the influence of British who separated the area into two divisions; one was for Muslims and other was to be built as a Zionist State3. It has been a great time that Christians did not get its possession although they regard it as the most prestigious place for themselves. This has induced a much intense desire among them to get complete control over the matters of the Holy Land. This could

Darwin Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Darwin Assignment - Essay Example Evolution is more an educated guess work where we try to find evidences and answers for questions that are related to what could have taken place. The drawback in the evolutionary theories is that it is not able to provide the evidence of how the organisms were formed or how the different species came into being. Scientists till date find it impossible to generate the amino acids which make up the proteins needed in the cells to be formed. Even if a certain theory comes close it falls short in relation to the time period. There are plenty of flaws in evolutionary theories which does not answer or give a solution in entirety. Moreover it has been proved that the entire system must be there for making a start. This has been very clearly explained in Michael Behe’s book Darwin’s Black Box, where he with examples he proves that just one cell cannot reproduce without the components that are required for its growth. When all these interpreted theories are studied it seems absurd. The only answer that settles all debates is a Creator. Schools must encourage the students to analyze on their own and do some critical thinking by providing information for and against evolution. This would certainly encourage both teachers and students to collect, analyze and interpret data. This would make them understand better that science is still in the process of finding an answer to evolution. Putting forward every aspect can in fact be a better option in helping the children come to their own conclusion. Education is to stimulate mental growth and not force down thoughts. This open minded approach would be the intelligent design which zeroes in on a creator of an intelligent nature. â€Å"The intelligent design (ID) movement claims that life as we know it could not have developed through random natural processes -- which only the guidance of an intelligent power can explain

Curriculum Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Curriculum Analysis - Essay Example Does it fulfill the learning development level of their level? Incase the answers to these questions is no, it must be planned of what must done to meet up to the student criteria by considering developmental patterns, community needs, redundancy in existing criterion and student coursework. 2. Policy decisions What resources and material is required is decided in the policy decision making phase. The importance of the course information must be compared to the other topics already introduced in the curriculum. What beats the other topics will replace the older ones, as well as update and enhance previous courses to the advancements made in the schooling environment. Other factors include calculating the number of students who opt for the course, how many students are their in each class, what is their average amount per class. This way expenses and budgets can be emerged as well as planning out how to run the budget most cost effectively. 3. Pilot program Before the new curriculum d eveloped is launched, it must be tested to see whether or not it will fulfill the goals for which it was made through testing it by a pilot program. This allows the developers to indicate accurately how the course is progressing, whether the amount of material provided is sufficient in terms of quality and quantity, and it will help detect any flaws or miscalculations that had not been brought to notice during development. This stage will help rectify all the problems by surfacing them through the pilot testing and will solve them before a large amount of funding be wasted. Genuine assessments and standardized testing will be used to achieve student achievement for e.g. student portfolios, containing each individual student’s records and assessments. Succeeding in this will give a positive sign to mainstream the curriculum throughout the school district and campuses, locally and internationally, so that each student can benefit from a standard program. For those analyses howe ver that fail the pilot program, extensive deliberation and research must be done to evaluate and determine the causes of failure for e.g. insufficient resources to educate the ample amount of students (i.e. supply is less than demand). This assures planners of a better and brighter second attempt. 4. Implementation and Assessment When the curriculum has finally been developed, tested and improved, it must be implemented. Data collection must take place to further increase its efficiency. This is usually done through standardized testing as well as other common computation for e.g. portfolios and records, where needed. Projected goals can then be measured against achieving high quality academics for its student population. Curriculum Documentation and Origins A curriculum is systematically documented by isolating and analyzing targeted features of a specific curriculum. Basing our analysis solely on the subject of Mathematics, this analysis involves defining and isolating a particul ar set of content i.e. the topics and chapters and then analyzing the performance expectations and consumer demand which will describe students knowledge capacity. This has two main subdivisions i.e. Content Defined as

International Financial Managementsunyu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Managementsunyu - Essay Example These techniques are ideal for an exporter who wishes to have stable cash flows subject to foreign exchange risk. It is concluded that multinational businesses and investors that engage in import or export of products and services or those that make foreign investments across the global economy should be aware of the risk exposures and the most appropriate hedging strategy for each type of risk. It is also suggested that special attention be given to economic exposure because it substantially impact the firm’s market value and expected future cash flows and even affects the competitive position of a firm that does not sell or operate overseas. By examining a range of academic materials, recently published book, magazine articles, journal articles and internet sites on the topic this report identifies the nature of the exchange rate risk faced by an exporter then describe the market strategies available for hedging the risk. Foreign exchange exposure comes about if an investor or a firm has an open position (un-hedged condition subject to exchange rate risk) in a foreign currency. There are two types of open position, open long and open short position (Homaifar, 2004). Open long position is one where a firm expects to receive foreign currency in future while open short position is one where the investor needs to pay foreign currency in future (Siddaiah, 2009). Foreign exchange risk therefore refers to the possibility or likelihood that a foreign currency may move in a direction that is detrimental to the investor. Specific risk in open log position is that the foreign currency may weaken against the domestic currency thereby decreasing the local currency equivalent (Poitras, 2002). On the other hand, specific risk in open short position is that the foreign currency may strengthen against the domestic currency thereby increasing the domestic currency equivalent

Self-Reflection Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Self-Reflection Assignment - Essay Example Humans should pick up the truth, even if it’s not what they wish to hear. That, to me, is if they charge a duke the most, and a lot of the time it is if no one is accommodating to accord it to them (Mcleod 2003). I have applied Cognitive theory in this research in order to know the mental reasoning of mister Peter Levine to focus on his mental plans and thoughts that has guided me throughout the research. To the other people of this world, the relatives has gained a respectable position as they complete the family mightily, but I feel different and in my central acquaintance of the relatives the action of their trade and dealings is very important. Why should this be? In analytic for the answers to this meaninglessness of credible additional and absolute loss and in the course of the plan of Peter Levine’s and his book â€Å"Waking the Tiger†, I have learnt a lot of new things. As Peter has said that the acceptance of pain in its cerebral senses. Peter Levine was a psychologist by profession and has seen many patients in his entire career. He believes that abounding individuals absorb endless years of bootless therapy, because their acceptance to an alarming accident is not accurately analyzed as an adventure of agony. Mr. Peter gave assorted examples of this phenomenon in his book Walking the Tiger (Levine 1997). Mr. Levine explains that some of his patient’s acquisition alternation along with the share of the health profession an acutely demanding practice, even if these people are absolutely healthy (Guy 1987). The agony of affectation getting appear on the faces in order to accept the biologic has larboard an abstruse abhorrence in those patients. An additional model adapted by Mr. Peter Levine is the arctic activity acquired by animal abuse and cruelty. Mr. Peter Levine has had a great triumph with abounding patients who had been clumsy to account from accustomed psychoanalysis.Mr.

4.How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in Essay - 1

4.How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in explaining the characteristics and performance of the business systems of major economies - Essay Example This paper will shed some light on how the nations achieve competitive advantage by using Porter’s Diamond model. This model highlights the influencing factors of national competitive advantage. The paper will discuss about the issues and loop holes of the Porter’s diamond Model and how they fail to answer certain circumstantial problems. Porter (1990) explained the competitiveness of a nation based on the four different parameters, which are factor conditions, demand conditions, supporting or related industries and firms’ strategy, structure and rivalry. Factor Conditions: The factor conditions include the production factors of a nation, like human resources and human capital, physical resources, knowledge base, financial strength. The quantity and quality of the available human resources determine the national production capabilities. Physical resources like availability of raw materials, power supply, etc increase the competitive advantage by reducing the operating cost of production. Moreover, the skills and overall knowledge base of the country helps it to involve in innovative product development. Demand Conditions: The demand conditions explain the level of demands of products in the home country. The higher level of demand influences the pace of product innovation and improves service quality. Porter (1990) described that the home demand level is based on three major factors: needs of the customers, growth rate of the customers’ needs and transferring domestic preference in the foreign market. A nation can thus achieve competitive advantage if the domestic demand trend can be predicted by the domestic suppliers faster than the foreign ones. This as a result will allow them to cater to the needs of the domestic customers thereby improving the national economic structure of the country. Firms’ Strategy structure

Market Invironment Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Invironment Project - Essay Example The R+D ensures that restaurant always offer top quality products and varied, popular flavors to its customers. The restaurant uses the innovative concept of â€Å"speed scratch cuisine†, for noticing the public on the means of obtaining faster services from their store. Preparation of products and services in Montaditos is in the presence of diners, who provide ranging natural ingredients where numerous products can be selected to create their favorite Montaditos. The restaurant works with high-speed partners and top-flight suppliers, to provide and guarantee their customers a wide range of products including drinks, salads, among other culinary items. Restaurant Services and professional employees are capable of leading the restaurant to success in South Miami market. The restaurant operates at varied times in different days of the week and makes to be reliable for all categories of customers. Form Monday to Wednesday and Sunday, the restaurant opens from eleven in the morning to eleven at night. On Thursday, the restaurant operates until midnight. (100Montaditos, 2011) On Fridays and Saturdays, the restaurant extends its services to one in the morning from eleven in the morning. Ideally, 100 Montaditos is a good place for children since it is a place of moderate noise and provides its services in entirely in casual attires. The ambience of the restaurant is also casual. The restaurant offers its services to anyone, but does not have waiters or Wi-Fi system; also, it does not offer reservations or deliveries. Moreover, the restaurant is suitable for group meetings and it is a good place for dinner and lunch. Additionally, the restaurant has a garage as well as a wheelchair for persons with such special needs. 100 Montaditos offers drinks includin g soft drinks, wine and beer. The restaurant’s management accepts payments in cash and credit card terms. Finally, it has TV as a form of

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years Research Paper

New discoveries in physiology in last 5 years - Research Paper Example Recent studies are exploring ribosome biogenesis’ role in inflammatory pathologies that include cancer (Blalock et al., 2014) and how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could contribute to or be a product of malignant cellular changes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Studying ribosome biogenesis and its dynamics and effects on malignant tumors can improve the understanding of cancer cell proliferation and may lead to more precise treatments/therapies for cancer (Blalock et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2015; Penzo et al., 2015). Ribosome biogenesis involves multiple steps, including rRNA transcription, development of pre-rRNA transcripts towards maturity, gathering of preribosomes, and RNA processing into mature ribosomes (Nguyen et al., 2015). Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) goes through the transcribing of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) into a 47 S rRNA precursor, which later becomes processed and turns into 18 S, 5.8S, and 28 S mature rRNAs (Nguyen et al., 2015). rDNA becomes multicopy genes in arrays, wherein the number of active genes in any specific time has epigenetic regulations (Nguyen et al., 2015). Furthermore, various cellular signaling pathways connected to cell growth impact the activity of proteins that are in charge of rRNA transcription and which can be co-opted through the oncogenic processes (Nguyen et al., 2015). The following studies provide novel discoveries about the genetic expressions of different kinds of cancers. Nguyen et al. (2015) studied the epigenetic and the post-transcriptional mechanisms that may give some explanation on how dysregulated rRNA synthesis could influence or be a product of malignant transformation. They learned from their studies that Akt has a function in pre-rRNA synthesis. Their findings and other research showed that the pro-cell survival PI3K/Akt axes are similarly connected to and may cause

Body Art and Ornamentation Essay Example for Free

Body Art and Ornamentation Essay There is no culture in which people do not, or did not paint, pierce, tattoo, reshape, or simply adorn their bodies (Schildkrout, 2001). Throughout history, body art and ornamentation has become a worldwide phenomenon and has played a key role in our lives, yet there is a social stigma which we cannot seem to rid ourselves of. It is most commonly misunderstood and misinterpreted which can be attributed to the fact that the symbolism and significance of the body art and/or ornamentation doesn’t always translate the same among the cultures. Although Western culture views body art and ornamentation as being associated with mischief and rebellion, Japanese and African cultures use it as a way of expressing spirituality as well as cultural expression. The existence of body art and ornamentation can be traced all the way back thirty thousand years or more back to when cavemen drew pictures on the cave walls. According to Kuhn Stiner (n.d.), the alteration and enhancement of one’s body originated from the Kapthurin formation in Kenya. Anthropologists even believe that body art and ornamentation was present during the Middle Pleistocene in both Eurasia and Africa. Expression and art are two factors that play a fundamental part in African culture. According to Clarke (2006), many African societies symbolically view body art and ornamentation as a special role in guiding one’s destiny and success, mediating between world of the living as well as the spiritual world, expressing community ideals, defining power and leadership, protecting and healing, and celebrating or commemorating the cycles of life, human and agricultural. African culture uses a variety of ways to display their body art and ornamentation depending on which society they live in. These ways include: incorporating shells, teeth, or claws into their clothing or jewelry, wearing colored body paint, exaggerating human features (i.e. elongation of the neck), gauging piercings in the ears and/or lip, scarification, and tattooing. Looking from another culture’s perspective, the various forms of African body art and ornamentation are seen as being weird, out of the ordinary, and we don’t understand the importance they hold within these African cultures. On the other hand, there are other cultures such as the Japanese, who instead of outwardly portraying their body art and ornamentation will instead conceal it so it won’t be visible at all. The first signs of body art and ornamentation which appear in the Japanese culture were first noted as originating all the way back to AD 297 (Rapp, 2010). Back then, tattoos would signify which occupational group certain men belonged to and men, both young and old, would get tattoos all over their bodies including their faces. Men would even go as far as getting full body tattoos which could be found on laborers, firemen, and gangsters (Hopkins-Tanne, 2000). The Chinese considered all Japanese tattoos an act of barbarism and was perceived as being extremely negative. The body art and ornamentation that exists and has existed within the Japanese culture spreads beyond just tattooing and there are a few other methods that they used. First, many married Japanese women or courtesan in the 10th through 19th centuries would apply a paste to their teeth which would blacken them (Schildkrout, 2001). This was considered as being beautiful as well as sexually appealing to where as we would vi ew that as abnormal and ugly. Secondly, they would bind the women’s feet in order to make them smaller and the process was extremely excruciating, but again, it was considered as being beautiful. The pain that was felt and the blood that was shed served as an offering to the gods, ancestors, and spirits (2001). On the other end of the spectrum, culture within the United States has a split view regarding body art and ornamentation. In the United States, forms of body art and ornamentation can include: tattoos, piercings, branding, corseting, scarification, gauging the earlobe, make-up, plastic surgery, and dental implants (Schwarz, 2006). We live in a society where we idolize and preach the importance of physical attractiveness. In doing so, there is the separation of individuals into five different groups that exist within the social structure. The five groups include: the conformist group, the innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and the rebellion group (Rapp, 2010). The conformist group consists of individuals who understand and accept the emphasis on the beauty of the body in its natural state and the only type of body art or ornamentation that’s used is superficial . On the other hand, the individuals who are classified as innovators accept the whole concept of the beauty of the natural body, but go to the extremes to achieve this. The individuals who refuse to conform to what society has deemed as beautiful yet maintains a natural body and stays within certain bounds regarding body art and ornamentation. Retreatists include individuals who don’t abide by the guidelines of proper hygiene as well as body art and ornamentation and won’t acknowledge the beauty of the natural body. Lastly, there are individuals who are set out to change the social structure and bring about a new phase of body art and ornamentation and they make up the rebellion group (2010). Nowadays, in American culture we see body art and ornamentation, such as tattoos and piercings, as being acceptable as well as fashionable. It’s not uncommon to see people have a variety of body art, ornamentation, and body modification performed. The majority of people go and get tattoos when they experience a pivotal point in their lives as well as trying to create a sense of identity for themselves. Everyone tries to be original in their own way, but the end result is the creation and growth of conformity. By this, I mean that everyone is going out and getting tattoos, piercings, or plastic surgery and they’re trying to be â€Å"original†, but when all is said and done, they begin to blend in with one another. No matter what people say or do, a stigma has remained attached to all the various kinds of body art and ornamentation. According to Schwarz (2006), tattoos continue to not be entirely accepted and are a barrier to the economic success which is central to the â€Å"American dream†. For example, most employers have rules for their employees stating that they cannot have any visible tattoos and/or piercings that are visible to the public. This could be partly because there are individuals that could be offended and businesses could suffer from a loss of customers and sales. In the American culture, tattoos are not acceptable in a number of situations esp ecially when it has to do with the general public (2006). The highest percentage of the American culture that has body art and ornamentation can be found in the younger generations. Many teens go through a period in their lives where they feel the need to rebel against the social norm especially to spite their parents. Their choices of body art and ornamentation are indicative of their attitudes and values (Crapo, 2013). Attitudes are statements of one’s preferences while values are what we consider good or bad (2013). This plays into why certain individuals look down upon body art and ornamentation and end up enforcing the negative stigma. In conclusion, the implementation of body art and ornamentation is a designated way of indicating the various cultural differences that exist within cultures worldwide. The main reason there has been the rise in the popularity of body art and ornamentation is a result of cultural commercialism. Despite how hard we try to eliminate the soci al stigma of body art and ornamentation, it will never completely be gone. Unfortunately, we can’t have everyone’s personal opinion be the same as one another, but there is one thing that we can do. We can make the effort to educate the various cultures on one another so that we are able to comprehend the vocabulary that is used, the meaning of symbols, myths and legends, and social values. People in different cultures continue focusing on the negative aspects of body art and ornamentation, but if we were able to understand one another, the idea of peace on earth isn’t that far out of reach. References Clarke, C. (2006). The art of africa: A response for educators. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved from Ebscohost database Crapo, R.H. (2013). Cultural anthropology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Hopkins-Tanne, J. (2000). Body art: Marks of identity. British Medical Journal. doi: 320(7226):64 Kappeler, P., Stahl, J., Wohlrab, S. (2006). Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Science Direct: Body Image 4, 87-95. Retrieved from http://www.sociodep.hku.hk/bbf/BBF%20Readings%20W12/W12%20Modifying_the_Body.pdf Kuhn, S.L. Stiner, M.C. (n.d.) Body ornamentation as information technology: Towards an understanding of the significance of early beads. Retrieved from http://courses.washington.edu.archyaec/archy401/readings/kuhn-beads.pdf

Leadership Styles Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership Styles Management Essay → Production-centered managers – set rigid work standards, organized asks down to the last detail, prescribed work methods o be followed and closely supervised their subordinates work → Employee-centered managers – encouraged subordinate participation in goal setting and in other work decisions and helped ensure high performance by inspiring trust and respect most effective leadership Most effective leaders were those who had supportive relationships with their subordinates, tended to use group rather than individual decision making, and encouraged their subordinates to set and achieve high performance goals. Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton Studies) developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton identifies 5 different types of management behaviors based on the various ways that task-oriented and employee-oriented styles can interact with each other Style 1,1 (impoverished management) – low concern for people, low concern for tasks or production laissez-faire management – leader abdicates his or her leadership role Style 1,9 (country club management) – high concern for employees, low concern for tasks Style 9,1 (task or authoritarian management) – high concern for production and efficiency, low concern for employees Style 5,5 (middle-of-the-road management) – an intermediate amount of concern for both production and employee satisfaction Style 9,9 ( team or democratic management) – high concern for both production and employee morale and satisfaction ; most effective leadership behavior Hi. Alam kong FC ako sa ginagawa ko pero di ko na talaga matiis eh. Haha. Sorry kung na-intrude ko ang privacy mo dito sa FB. Masyado lang kasi akong na-mesmerized dun sa story mong ICH Book 1. Di ko nga alam kung gagamit ako ng po at opo o tatawagin kitang Ate habang tinatype ko to.Haha. Kahit hindi ako nagcocomment sa updates mo (sorry po, tinatamad kasi akong gumawa ng account doon :D), gusto ko lang sabihin na nagustuhan ko yung plot ng story mo at grabe ang kaba ko habang papalapit na ako sa ending. Kahit ending na sya, naramdaman ko pa rin yung thrill. Hindi nakakasawang ulit-ulitin. Noon pa, curious na talaga ako sa identity mo pero may hint na ako na sa UP ka nag-aaral dahil dun sa jeepney ekek na nasabi mo. :3 Curiousity killed the cat but satisfaction brought it back. Wala lungs trip ko lang po isingit to. Mehehehe. Nakita ko po kasi yung link para sa FB account mo kaya ni-click ko na. XD First time kong mag-message sa isang writer ng story kaya pagpasensyahan mo na ako kung mukhang walang sense itong na-type kong message. Wahaha. Yun lang, byebye. =) FC ako, SORRY po ulet. :)))) System 4 Management Rensis Likert, incorporating the basic style categories of task orientation and employee orientation, devised his own model of management effectiveness. Four Leadership Systems System 1 characterized as exploitive and authoritative Managers make all work-related decisions and order their subordinates to carry them out. Failure to meet the managers goals results in threats or punishments. Managers have little trust or confidence in subordinates. Subordinates fear the managers. System 2 benevolent authoritative Subordinates who meet or exceed the managers goals may be rewarded. Managers have a condescending attitude toward their subordinates and subordinates are cautious when dealing with their managers. System 3 consultative Managers set goals and issue general orders after discussing them with subordinates. Subordinates can make their own decisions about how to carry out their ttasks. Rewards are used to motivate subordinates. Subordinates feel free to discuss most work-related matters with their managers, who, in turn, feel that to a large extent subordinates can be trusted to carry out their tasks properly. System 4 participative Likerts final and most favored management style Goals are set and work-related decisions are made by group. To motivate subordinates, managers not only use economic rewards but also try to give their subordinates feelings of worth and importance Performance standards exist to permit self-appraisal by subordinates, rather than to provide managers with a tool to control subordinates. Interaction between managers and subordinates is frank, friendly, and trusting. Low productivity → Systems 1 and 2 styles High productivity → Consultative or Participative leadership style System 4 management → desirable management in a wide variety of work situations High in consideration Lowest turnover rates Highest employee satisfaction Low in consideration High in initiating structture High grievance and turnover rates

SouthWest Airlines Case Study

SouthWest Airlines Case Study SouthWest Airlines Case Study Executive Summary Thousands of people travel by air; Southwest Airlines provides low-fare air transportation service among 58 cities in the United States. Although the industry suffered a major blow from the terrorist attack of September 11th, the company is still holding strong; while other airline companies are in debt. The information was majority gathered and analyzed from the internet; sources such as News Week, and Wall Street Journal. According to the acquired knowledge of Southwest, the company maintains steady sales. The major success to their continued success is due to their low-cost model and competitors are aware that they cannot match Southwest Airlines low prices therefore, by dropping the price even lower; Southwest Airlines can force a company to go bankrupt. Introduction In 1971, Rollin King and Herb Kelleher started an airline service with one simple notion: If you get your passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares, and make darn sure they have a good time doing it, people will fly your airline. They were right about that. Southwest Airline is now a major airline, in fact, the fourth largest airliner in the United States that is trading under the Symbol LUV on NYSE. The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of customer service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and company spirit. It primarily provides short haul, high-frequency, point-to-point, low-fare air transportation service among 58 cities (59 airports) in the United States. Here are some numbers that will give a brief idea how the company is operating: Net income: $241 million Total passengers carried: 63 million Total RPMs: 45.4 billion Passenger load factor: 65.9 percent Total operating revenue: $5.5 billion The airline industry has been hit hard by the terrorist attack of September 11th. There is a 13% insurance raise for the airlines and the government is enforcing fees regarding security problems. The operation cost increases dramatically and there are less people traveling by air. Most of the airliners are losing money expect a few. Southwest is one of those airlines which have remained profitable. Organization of Southwest Airlines is described as an upside-down pyramid. The upper management is at the bottom and supports the front line employees (~35000), who are the experts. This is Herb Kellehers unorthodox leadership style, in which management decisions are made by everyone in the organization, not just the head executives. The company is described to not have much emphasis on structure; instead employees are encouraged to think freely without constraints such as titles. Kelleher, for example, is said to know the names of virtually all his employees. Southwest Airlines is characterized as a C-corporation with duration distinguished as a normal perpetual existence. The shareholders are not normally liable for debts of the corporation and they preserve an operation that is normally more structured, requiring more meetings and (in some states) more reporting requirements. Management is very centralized through the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) and the officers (elected by the directors). The corporation is taxable entity, although the income which would normally be taxed at the corporate level can normally be paid out in salaries (and in other deductible ways) so that there is in fact no tax at the corporate level. As far as transferability of interest, it is normally fully transferable and raising capital is in the choice of public companies. Southwest Airlines values employees, initiating the first profit-sharing plan in the U.S. airline industry in 1974 and offered it ever since. In 2000, Southwest offered its employees a record-setting $138M in profit sharing. This tax-deferred compensation represented an additional 14.1 percent of each employees annual salary. Methodology In order to explore Southwest Airlines corporate structure, the method in which we obtain our information is a critical component in our mission. Therefore, this analysis describes a methodology that utilizes Southwest Airlines official website to attain background history, company particulars and financial statistics. In addition, the librarys electronic journals, business research databases (Wall Street Journal, Business Week) and accredited search engines on the Internet such as Yahoo! are also major resources for our investigation in conducting a fundamental SWOT analysis and acquiring information regarding the companys main competitors and customers. Our research will not be limited to just Southwest Airline, our research involves Boeing 737 as well as a few of the opposing companies. Research on these additional topics will be specific, material that pertains or assists in elaborating our recommendations for the company of Southwest. Results According to the attached figure covering the past four years of Southwest Airlines financial progress, they have maintained steady net sales. In 1999, they had total net sales of $4,735 million which had risen to $5,585 million. Their slight drop in 2002 to $5,521 million was due to the September 11th incident. However, this is nothing compared to other major airline industries where they have lost so much more. Many have even gone bankrupt and been forced to close down. In fact, Southwest Airlines was the only major US air carrier to remain profitable since then; albeit Southwest Airlines were affected by the poor economic conditions. Few of their main competitors are Continental Airlines and American Airlines. Substitute products include the train (Amtrak) and bus (Greyhound) which cover long distances. While these alternates cannot offer the speed of travel, most of Southwest Airlines customers are attracted to the low price. Suppliers include those who provide service/products necessary for Southwest Airlines to their business function. For Southwest Airlines, suppliers include mechanics(and other maintenance people), providers of fuel, food(the snacks that are offered). The suppliers do not have much bargaining power. Customers include both residential and commercial sectors. There is no bargaining power for customers, as there is no threat of backward integration; it is unlikely that customers of Southwest Airlines are going to build their own airplanes and fly themselves. Rivalry among competitors sets the price-Southwest Airlines is a discount airliner. Rivalry is increasing, as the market decreases, and competitors downsize, the competitors become more or less equal in size and capacity. This means that as economic conditions worsen, competitors downsize and then compete for the same remaining market. The threat of new entrants is low, the demand is not high. On top of that, there are hurdles, not necessarily the greatest; the FAA. Government regulations and restrictions imposed on those involved in this industry. Such would be government sanctions consequent of international issues. At a glance, the companys source of competitive advantage is its low price tickets. Most of its customers are people who are willing to forego in-flight meals, direct routes and fancy seats if that would mean for a cheaper ticket. Not to imply that Southwest doesnt provide direct flights, but that is offered at a higher price. Southwest Airlines was in better shape than its competitors after recent attacks on September 11 for a simple reason: their low-cost model. Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center had a devastating effect on the airline industry, particularly because the instrument of destruction of these attacks was hijacked airplanes. The public lost faith in the airline industry immediately following September 11th, and for many airline companies this meant going into severe debt or even declaring bankruptcy. Even after some time, the majority of the airline industry experienced lower profits and massive downsizing. However, for smaller companies like Southwest, they were able to turn a profit and were in a more enviable position than the larger counterparts. The reason for Southwest Airlines success is due to their low-cost model. The Southwest Airlines consists solely of Boeing 737s and offers only coach seats (there is no business or first class). Southwest Airlines also do not offer in-flight meals, only peanuts and other snacks. Southwest is simple and direct at the goal of their service; a primarily short-haul airline that flies directly from city to city, with just one type of planethe Boeing 737 and the lowest costs. With a simple goal, Southwest has excised many of the luxuries that competitors have offered, such as luxury seats; this is made evident by their decision to enforce a rule for passengers who could not fit into the seats to purchase an additional seat. This rather unpopular move (whereas other airlines would have suggested a more luxury class seat) is simple in its purpose-get passengers from point A to point B. Services, such as in-flight meals and luxury seats, which have become standard to competitors, have been s een as unnecessary for an airline that provides a short-haul trip from city to city at the lowest cost. To have opted for a first class, business class, or any form of luxury class seat would have been excess baggage; most people would prefer to do without it if it meant for cheaper ticket price. While Southwest Airlines offers no frills, Southwest Airlines do meet customer expectations when it comes to service. They base their model on the motto, which states that if theyre happy, satisfied, dedicated, and energetic, theyll take real good care of the customers. When the customers are happy, they come back. And that makes the shareholders happy, Southwest has very good relations with all their employees. Employees are either of independent unions or have flexible contracts which allow employees to work longer hours. Southwest Airlines, however, is not without weaknesses. No matter how successful, Southwest Airlines serves only 29 states and cannot compete against the bigger companies that serve nationally or even internationally. Furthermore, Southwest Airlines does not utilize a hub system that allows for bigger competitors to reach further out. Such competitors are aware that they cannot match Southwest Airlines prices; their market is larger and is not feasible to offer cheaper tickets at the cost of no in-flight meals. Instead, competitors narrow the price difference between Southwest Airlines and themselves and stress on the quality of these frills (such as roomier seats). Others, through use of flight hubs, are the only ones who can economically serve remote customers. Another weakness of Southwest Airlines is their preference of Boeing 737s. Being limited to one type of airplane leaves them with little flexibility when the model receives a bad reputation or a critical flaw is discovered. Such would be a costly venture for this company, whove used only one type of airplane and in the face of a dire situation would face a costly venture of finding replacements or counteracting bad publicity. Southwest Airlines success is primarily because they have focused sharply on their goals. This is evident by their no-frills, low-cost model: their goal is to provide the cheapest form of short air travel between two cities; providing the bare necessities. Driven by the idea that customers can be satisfied without having expensive options available for them, Southwest Airlines have stepped on the toes of many of its bigger competitors. Southwest Airlines was able to differentiate themselves from their competitors by offering the lowest prices. This appealed to many people who were not impressed with the additional services such as in-flight meals or wanted to avoid busy airports. Coupled with the utilization of the internet, Southwest Airlines almost became a trend, a sort of an underground hit, bypassing travel agents and their fees. Southwest Airlines provided a medium in which city-to-city transportation was possible with the lowest costs. Part of their success is due to their focused group; Southwest Airlines serves only 29 states a substantially smaller portion of geography, when compared to those who serve customers coast-to-coast. While the company was able to enjoy their success in the earlier years, recent events and poor economic conditions have made competition fierce. Now, the bigger companies are trying to emulate Southwest Airlines style. By narrowing the price gap, the luxurious services previously deemed too expensive has become more affordable. A possible drawback is that because Southwest Airlines strategy has proven so effective, it will be duplicated and emulated by its competitors to a point where it would lose the originality. This could result in competitors offering low rates to the areas covered by Southwest and beyond, making Southwest Airlines range and limitations more obvious. It would be very possible in the near future where a big company, with its hubs(something Southwest does NOT have), basically introducing Southwest Airlines low-cost model to a wider market, encroaching and outdoing Southwest Airlines. When a comparatively small, new company is able to take on major players in an extremely competitive industry, gain market share, please customers and employees alike, it is time for others to take notice. We will initially evaluate Southwest Airlines competitive business strategy of their maintenance of a low cost and exceedingly reliable service approach (forgoing perks such as meal service, first-class preference and assigned seating), as a major transportation corporation. We will ultimately make supplementary recommendations and improvements based on the stratagem of their already flourishing company. As a company that still faces continuous growing challenges before them, it is essential for Southwest Airlines to expand on their existing achievements. Our analysis and promising suggestions will be developed with intent to better serve customers by improving their routing system, offering enhanced accessibility and minimizing delays. As business consultants, we anticipate to pav e the way of one of the leading travel industries into becoming the best of the best. Recommendations: Southwest Airlines were able to operate their business relatively undisturbed. It was only in the poor economic conditions that suddenly Southwest Airlines method of operation became the ideal model for its competitors. While the publicity is beneficial in raising employee morale, and raising stock prices; Southwest Airlines is now target of competitors focus. A tactic that Southwest Airlines can do to inflict damage to competitors is to slash prices. This type of tactic is typical of a big company that has a monopolistic rule in an industry squeezing other competitors. This tactic is advisable when competitors are near bankruptcy or are in dire situations. Because competitors cannot match Southwest Airlines prices, the most they can do is narrow the gap of the price difference. Southwest Airlines, which has consistently made a positive profit, can increase the price gap by lowering their prices. Southwest Airlines will incur losses from this move, but the goal of this move is to drag the competitors further into debt. Because this move affects both companies, this move is very risky and should not be done unless Southwest Airlines is sure that their competitor is near bankruptcy. Possible reasons for this move would be to eliminate the weakest competitor in the industry, which would free up the market held by that company. The reason for the creation of Southwest Airlines started when its founders saw an opportunity. Frequent trips between cities were exploited by providing a quicker form of transportation. Southwest Airlines has weathered through several crisis and has proven itself to have potential for to be a leader of its industry. The poor economic conditions has placed many airline companies in debt, while Southwest Airlines was able to make a profit. With its competitors weakened, Southwest can take the initiative and expand-not foolishly, but with the same drive and precise execution the company was founded under. The genius behind Southwest Airlines success is location; and if researched properly, this can be applied to other areas. The appeal of Southwest Airline is the cheap tickets, as they offer none of the luxuries(such as in-flight meals). Southwest Airlines no frills approach may not be pleasing to all, it would be good for Southwest to make a few changes in which the aesthetics would be more accommodating. Upgrading seats may be a costly venture, but it would open Southwest Airlines to a larger market. The medium of choice for customer referral is the internet. Internet referrals have been the main source of customers (it further cut costs by charging a lesser fee to book seats through the internet than through a travel sales agent). With the saturation of discount websites, however, Southwest Airlines is losing the grip it held advertising on the internet. More websites offer competitive rates and special discounts-which if Southwest Airlines does not take immediate action can end up losing customers. Since advertising through the internet is risky, as people hate pop-ups or spam e-mails, it is our general consensus that Southwest should find ways to be listed on these price comparison websites. Before, there werent many sites that offered price comparison and finding deals was difficult. With these sites, information is available at the fingertips of the web surfers who can make better informed choices. Southwest Airlines should ensure that their voice is heard through this mediu m, as it is sure to attract people in search of deals. Conclusion First and foremost, Southwest Airline has developed a great low cost model for the past thirty year that fits todays economy the best. It has expanded from a tiny company with merely three aircrafts to one of todays major airliners that flies between 58 cities carrying over 60 million customers each year. As everyone can see, Southwest Airline has been a big success. Now, it is given an opportunity to grow even bigger at this extremely hard and critical time for the airline industry. After the incident of September 11, Southwest Airline is one of the few airliners that remained profitable; other airline companies are losing millions of dollars due to the insurance raise, the security cost and lack of customers. We recommend Southwest airline to take this opportunity to expand to greater regions. It is the time for Southwest airline to use its low price tickets to drive its competitors out of business and take over their market. We believe, giving up some of the profit to cut the ticket price even lower and upgrade hardware can open Southwest Airline to a much larger market that will bring more profit in future. Implementations of cost saving technology such as internet is needed to lower the operation cost to give customers better deals.

The Olfactory Process and its Effect on Human Behavior :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Olfactory Process and its Effect on Human Behavior Early childhood memories can be evoked by many triggers, of which one of the most powerful is a particular smell. A couple of years ago, I was unpacking boxes of Christmas decorations from the attic. One of the boxes contained old, partially melted candles that were to be put on the fireplace mantle and lit on Christmas Eve. Unrolling each uniquely fragrant candle from the yellowed newspaper, I suddenly had a vivid recollection of a childhood experience. I was between the ages of two and three, wandering through a candle store with my parents in the Greek section of Detroit, Michigan. I gazed wide-eyed at the seemingly endless shelves of wax figurines, reaching through the restraining arms of my father in attempts to feel their smooth contours. After slowly returning to reality, I realized that the smell of the candles being used to decorate for the holidays triggered my earliest memory of childhood. I thought about the memory frequently after that, and longed to return to the store to see if my physical presence there would evoke other memories. When I visited Detroit a few months ago, I was disappointed to discover that the store had long been out of business and only my new memory would remain. I found it somewhat disturbing that my earliest memory was of an insignificant retail store that would have no bearing on my adult life. Why did I not remember a more significant event, such as an early Christmas, or my second birthday? The answer is that the sense of smell, that is, olfaction, has a powerful command over many behaviors, including memory. Intrigued with this connection as an example of sensory input influencing behavior, it is my goal to examine the neurobiology of the olfaction process in humans and to investigate the ways in which odors elicit particular behaviors. For humans, olfaction is a primitive sense, whereas other mammals, birds and insects rely predominately on their sense of smell for survival. The approach of a charging bear would be recognized by a human within seconds of its attack, while a dog would have certainly caught his scent long before the human companion had any knowledge of the bear's presence. Although smell seems far less meaningful to humans, there is an important link between olfaction and behavior. For example, in my memory described above, the simple visual cues provided by the sight of any ordinary candle does not evoke my memory of the sweet smelling store.

Androstenedione Essay -- essays research papers

Androstenedione-the truth comes out Androstenedione entered the national spotlight in the summer of 1998, when Baseball home run record-holder Mark McGwire told reporters that he used The supplement to improve his performance. Since McGwire's admission a Little more than 18 months ago, androstenedione use has increased 500% According to a recent press release by Barry McCaffrey, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Manufacturers claim that "Andro," as the supplement is commonly known, Boosts the body's natural testosterone levels and increases Muscle-building ability. Body-builders tout it as a natural alternative to Anabolic steroids. Nevertheless, questions remain about the efficacy and Safety of this widely available substance, which is currently unregulated By the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Androstenedione is a steroid hormone that is part of what is called the Production pathway for testosterone. Testosterone promotes muscle growth, But it also increases body hair, can cause acne, and enhances growth of The prostate gland. Some believe that higher levels may adversely affect Cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Manufacturers claim that Andro boosts testosterone levels, allowing Weightlifters to increase muscle mass without resorting to synthetic Steroid injections. Andro is touted as "natural" because it is normally Made in the adrenal glands and testes. Anabolic steroids are synthetic Derivatives of testosterone not found in the body. In theory, Andro Supplements are converted to natural testosterone in the body. Despite a lack of persuasive evidence that Andro can actually Boost muscle mass, the supplement has been heavily marketed And is widely used by athletes and body-builders. Despite a lack of persuasive evidence that Andro can actually boost muscle Mass, the supplement has been heavily marketed and is widely used by Athletes and body-builders. Nevertheless, according to a study by Douglas S. King, PhD, and colleagues At Iowa State University, androstenedione does not appear to help build Muscle or increase blood testosterone levels. Published in the June 2, 1999, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Study compared testosterone levels in 20 young men who were on a moderate 8-week muscle-training regimen. Half of the subj... ...tes. Most of the subjects In King's study were relative newcomers to weight training, and such Inexperienced weight trainers generally make impressive gains in the early Phase of resistance training. Those gains could overshadow, statistically, Any potential benefit from androstenedione. As Yesalis notes in his editorial, "Future studies may need to focus on The effects of a higher dose of androstenedione administered over a period Longer than 8 weeks." Dr. Yesalis concludes with a call for government review of the supplement. "In the case of androstenedione," he writes, "the study by King et al Contributes to the evidence suggesting that the government should Carefully consider intervening and remove androstenedione and its Derivatives from the market." Meanwhile, in light of the potential health hazards and lack of evidence For androstenedione's muscle-building power, consumers should proceed with Caution and consult a physician before traveling this largely unmarked road. ANDROS-D (Andro) Ingredients: Each capsule contains Pure Micronzed Androstenedione - 100mg. Zinc - 15mg. Bioperine - 2.5mg. Suggested Use: Take 1-2 capsules daily.

Curricular Aims: Assessment of University Capstone :: Education School Essays

Curricular Aims: Assessment of University Capstone Albert North Whitehead (1929) believed that the raison d’etre of universities was neither for the imparting of knowledge nor for the opportunity for research. Cheaper alternatives for both were and are available to achieve those functions. Instead, he asserted. The justification for a university is that it preserves the connections between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. At least, this is the function which it should perform for society. A university which fails in this respect has no reason for existence (p. 93). When Whitehead described the purpose of education in his text, The Aims of Education, he had the luxury of his assertions without the burden of proof. The Academy today, while equally as passionate about the aims of education as Whitehead, must not only describe its reason(s) for existence, it must also provide evidence that those aims which it described as important are ultimately attained by its students. This evidence must be considered and presented both for ourselves (The Academy) and for our â€Å"constituents† (i.e. students, accrediting bodies, employers, donors, and society). The authors assert that three issues are paramount to any assessment of a curriculum in higher education. The first deals with the â€Å"reason for existence† issue raised by Whitehead (i.e. Are we doing the right thing?). The second issue has to do with examination of whether we are accomplishing our goals (i.e. Are we doing the right thing right?). The final issue involves how we can assess whether we are doing the "right thing right." Doing the right thing? Several years ago, Millikin University embarked on the difficult challenge to create a seamless curriculum that provided for intentional connections -- connections between the major and the non-major, connections between the curricular components at each level, and connections between the curricular components over the course of four years. In the development of this comprehensive and cohesive curriculum (dubbed the MPSL -- the Millikin Program of Student Learning), the faculty identified "common threads" of the MPSL. Those common threads are 1) Student learning goals, 2) Core questions, values, and means, and 3) Proficiencies. (See the student learning goals in Table 1 for the specific elements defining each one). The faculty vision for the University is actualized through the effective implementation of these common threads within the curriculum.

Colgate-Palmolive Company

Marketing Strategy 1. Problem and Issue Statement 1. 1. Increased competition from rivals and private labels MKW 3440 Colgate-Palmolive company, simply known as, Colgate, is one of the world's largest consumer products companies by market share, with commercial presence in more than five continents (Euromonitor International, 2011). In the past decade, particularly in the personal care and home care segments, Colgate has faced vigorous competition across the globe (Euromonitor International, 2011).Rivals include, large multinational corporations, local corporations as well as private label brands or store brands, of large retailers such as, WalMart, Target, and other supermarket chains (Euromonitor International, 2011). Although, Colgate's exposure to private labels is limited, the company’s primary objective remains to increase its organic growth through penetrating emerging markets (Euromonitor International, 2011).In order for the company to accomplish this goal, it is advi sed that Colgate watches out, for the private label trend (Euromonitor International, 2011). According to Euromonitor International (2011), private label brands from large retailers are now considered to be highly sophisticated and an attractive alternative to customers, particularly in emerging markets, as these products often sell at lower price points and the retailers have the point of sale data on consumer behaviour, and are therefore in a better position to understand the consumer’s behaviour.This trend, may become problematic for Colgate in the near future, as private label brands are expected to increase and be high on retailers agendas, directly affecting the company in several aspects of business, including, the pricing of its products, promotional activities, new product introductions, profitability and market share (Euromonitor International, 2011). he growing competitiveness of some local players in China and fiercer competition in overall oral care, personal car e and home care segments led to a significant decline in Colgate’s market share (Euromonitor International, 2005). For Colgate to remain competitive, it is important that it strengthens its brands, invest in ground-breaking innovative product launches, as well as defend its trademark, patents, and trade dress rights, against legal challenges that may be brought by competitors (Euromonitor International, 2011). 1. . Not capitalising in China like the market leaders in the industry Although, Colgate-Palmolive operates a diversified business operation and its largest revenuegenerating regions in the world are in the emerging economies, however, the company is less dominant in China with regard to their personal care and oral care segments (Euromonitor International, 2011). Compared to other emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia, and India, China presents a strong growth opportunity for Colgate-Palmolive, as consumers increasingly perceiveColgate-Palmolive Company 1 Marketing S trategy MKW 3440 oral care and personal care in terms of achieving greater attractiveness, over hygienic, deodorising and antiperspirant functions (Euromonitor International, 2011). This is problematic for Colgate as its campaign for oral care has always been positioned as health products (Euromonitor International, 2005). As a result, In 2011, Procter & Gamble ranked number one in oral care, with a 21% value share (Euromonitor International, 2011).Oral care in China, is predicted to continue its growth pace over the forecast period and it is therefore important for Colgate to amend their current positioning strategy to accompany the product’s cosmetic appeal (Euromonitor International, 2005). In addition, Colgate should conduct greater segmentation of the market, where products will be aimed at agespecific groups as well as products designed specifically for men or women, or even lifestyles habits such as smokers or coffee drinkers as this will increase the market reach, pro fitability and the market share of the company (Euromonitor International, 2012). . Evaluation of Alternatives Given the competition and growth prospects in emerging markets, Colgate should aim to gain market share through novel technology and the creation of innovative product launches, that offer added-value to the consumer (Euromonitor International, 2011). Recently, companies have been increasing the number of â€Å"green† innovative product launches as well as products based on highpowered functionality and cost-saving measures, as they help minimise environmental impact while helping consumers save money through energy conservation (Euromonitor International, 2011).Through innovations such as these, Colgate can avoid loosing market share and revenue to local and multinational corporations. On the other hand, to stop consumers from moving to cheaper brands i. e. : keep private label brands at bay, Colgate should resort to pricing adjustments and cost management to ease p ressure on margins as well as establish emotional bonds with its consumers through advertising messages centred on the concepts of luxury, at-home pampering, naturalness and sustainability (Euromonitor International, 2011).This process, mainly involves reducing working capital and lowering selling or general and administrative costs, through lay-offs (Euromonitor International, 2011). So far, Colgate has focused on streamlining its product portfolio – e. g. in Europe, it reduced the number of household cleaners from 84 products in 2008 to 22 in 2010 (Euromonitor International, 2011).Another initiative Colgate took, is to purchase Sanex, a personal care business from Unilever and sold its laundry detergent brands in Colombia, as an attempt to address the strong competition from its rivals in the industry with regards to deodorants, bath and shower soaps that account for the largest portions of its competitors profits (Euromonitor International, 2011). Colgate-Palmolive Company 2 Marketing Strategy MKW 3440 On the other hand, to capitalise on the Chinese market, the company needs to trengthen its competitive position and adapt products that will more closely meet the local consumer preferences (Euromonitor International, 2011). The local player Shuke is expected to see strong growth over the forecast period thanks to venture capital investment and its new spokesman David Beckham. For example: by incorporating whitening functionality in all its oral care product formulas, this could help the company, defend its share against dominant local players such as Yunnan Baiyao (Euromonitor International, 2011).Products aimed at age-specific groups as well as products designed specifically for men or women, or even lifestyles habits such as smokers or coffee drinkers, are certain to be developed in the future (Euromonitor International, 2011). 3. Internal Review 3. 1. Existing strategic gaps A strategy gap analysis is a forecasting tool used by marketing managers, to determine the shortcomings of an organisation by identifying the steps necessary for an organisation to take when trying to move from its actual performance to a desired future-state (De Choi, Herder, Koesling, Lo, Olmedilla, Papapetorou, & Siberski, 2005).This difference is known as a gap (De Choi et al. , 2005). The gap can be divided into four categories: the product line gap, the distribution gap, the usage gap and the competitive gap (De Choi et al. , 2005). Currently, Colgate-Palmolive has a distribution gap with regard to the Chinese market. A distribution gap, is all about increasing exposure to current distribution channel members (Klopper, 2012). Another strategic gap Colgate could optimize on, is its usage gap.A usage gap, refers to the gap between the total market potential and the existing usage by all consumers in the market (Klopper, 2012). The competitive gap, on the other hand, refers to anything about a product, service, technology, capability or position that p uts a company at a significant disadvantage versus one or more competitors (Klopper, 2012). In the case of Colgate, this company has a competition gap as its current positioning strategy in the Chinese market is working against them. Colgate-Palmolive Company 3 Marketing Strategy MKW 3440 3. 1. 1.Strategies to close gaps Strategy to close distribution gap: Localization of consumer products has been a fast-emerging trend in several consumer products markets including personal care (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011). Colgate-Palmolive Co. , can bridge this distribution gap in China by increasing exposure to current distribution channel members and establish new distribution channels (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011). Specific to the oral care industry, manufacturers are targeting consumers with local flavors and ingredients that suit their preferences and long-standing culture in various countries (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011).For instance, Colgate-Palmolive offers a unique formula tion of its Colgate Herbal toothpaste for the Indian market (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011). Since there is an increasing interest in China with whitening products including oral care, Colgate may use this information One of the breakthrough innovations featuring local ingredients is Colgate Plax Fresh Tea mouthwash for the Chinese market, which helped drive the company’s share of mouthwash market in China to a record high level during the year (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011).Currently, there is an increasing rate of (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011). Strategy to close usage gap: By extending the usability of its products and targeting specific offerings as market extensions, Colgate would be able to increase its market share and profitability (Klopper, 2012). Thus addressing it usage gap. through the use of either tactical approaches such as the marketing mix, Colgate can be able to promote new segments and users or encourage non-users to switch from substitute or compet itor’s products (Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2011).Strategy to close competitive gap: Through co-branding with local or domestic competitors such as Yunnan Baiyao, and manufacturing complementary products, Colgate may be able to minimize its competition and risk, as there will be greater consumer trust on the product, wide scope due to joined advertising, technological benefits, better product image by association with another renowned brand, greater access to new sources of finances and as a consequence this will ultimately lead to more sales income (Jooste, Berndt & Du Plessis, 2012; Klopper, 2012). Colgate-Palmolive Company Marketing Strategy 3. 2. Required capabilities and core competencies Table A: Discussion of required capabilities and core competencies Required capabilities and core competencies Discussion MKW 3440 Finance For Colgate-Palmolive to be able to implement the strategies that will ultimately bridge the gaps in the market, it needs to have finances. Likely f or Colgate, this is one of its core competency and capability, hence, the company has been able to spend a significant amount on its R&D activities in order to ensure consistent product innovation (DataMonitor, 2011).Through constant product innovation, Colgate will be enabled to invest in marketing, technology and its vast distribution network (DataMonitor, 2011). Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills and social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability for an employee of Colgate-Palmolive Co. to provide the organisation with economic value which then translates into the marketplace (Woodhall, 2001).It is made obvious that human capital is a required distinctive competency of Colgate as product innovation is one of its driving forces and innovation is derived from the creativity of its employees (Market Line, 2012). For many companies in this industry, including Colgate-Palmolive Company, they strives to lower their input costs so that they c an have that competitive edge over rivals in the industry (DataMonitor, 2011). As all company’s in this industry use many of the same suppliers, it is difficult for companies to achieve low input costs in that area (DataMonitor, 2011).However, Colgate-Palmolive Company tries to lower input costs by being innovative with its product designs and the utilization of its assets, along with always looking for new suppliers that might not be as big, but offers a lower prices (DataMonitor, 2011). Human capital Lower input costs 4. Competitor Analysis 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 2. 4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 4. 4. 2. Colgate-Palmolive Company 5 Marketing Strategy 4. 2. 1. 5. Segment Profiling 5. 1. 5. 1. 1. 5. 1. 2. 5. 1. 3 5. 2. 6. New STP strategies 7. Strategic Marketing Program 8. Financial Review 8. 1. 8. 2. Non-financial performance 8. 3.Marketing matrix of chosen strategy 9. Implementation Details & Long-term Strategic Plan MKW 3440 For successful implementation of the marketing strategy, there i s need for a strategic fit between a chosen strategy and the organisational resources (Klopper, 2012). Without the sufficient time, money, technology, management systems or skills in place, the marketing strategies are sure to fail (Klopper, 2012). Therefore a long-term strategic plan needs to be set, to ensure the origination's goals and objectives, tasks or activities and timeline are in alignment with the strategies used and resources needed (Klopper, 2012).Colgate-Palmolive Company 6 Marketing Strategy MKW 3440 Reference List DataMonitor. (2011, March 1). Personal Care Market Watch company spotlight: Colgate-Palmolive Company. Retrieved from http://www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/ Handlers/accessPDF. ashx? c=93PDF=F-188296-20424193. pdf=2VfbY1Pd %2bDnEJbzYJ6Dz2CeaTTM%3d De Choi, L. J. , Herder, E. , Koesling, A. , Lo, C. , Olmedilla, D. , Papapetorou, O. , & Siberski, W. (2005). A Model For Competence Gap Analysis. Retrieved from http://lnx-hr l-075v. web. pwo. ou. l/ bitstream/1820/1119/1/model_for_competence_gap_analysis. pdf Euromonitor International. (2005, March 14). Teeth whitening blurs oral hygiene and beauty. Retrieved from http-//www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/Handlers/ accessPDF. ashx? c=81PDF=F-33822-9535381. pdf=nd8RKGQXEue7mLs%2fivocj%2b %2bg%2bH0%3d Euromonitor International. (2011, April 26). Beauty and Personal Care State of the Industry 2011. Retrieved from http://www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/Handlers/ accessPDF. ashx? =33PD=F-177502-19843633. pdf=NcEV34hQb92tYF8QgpvZIFU0Ens %3d Euromonitor International. (2011, July 1). Colgate-Palmolive CO in beauty and personal care world. Retrieved from http://www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/ Handlers/accessPDF. ashx? c=93PDF=F-188296-20424193. pdf=2VfbY1Pd %2bDnEJbzYJ6Dz2CeaTTM%3d Euromonitor International. (2011, September 1). Colgate-Palmolive CO in home care world. Retrieved from http-//www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/Handlers/ a c c e s s P D F. a s h x ? = 9 3 P D F & f = F – 1 8 8 2 9 6 – 2 0 4 2 4 1 9 3 . p d f & c o d e = 2 V f b Y 1 P d %2bDnEJbzYJ6Dz2CeaTTM%3d Colgate-Palmolive Company 7 Marketing Strategy MKW 3440 Euromonitor International. (2012, May 1). Deodorants in China. Retrieved from http-/ www. portal. euromonitor. com. ezproxy. lib. monash. edu. au/Portal/Handlers/accessPDF. ashx? c=06PDF=S-204891-21565106. pdf=pNYwWcs%2f9Zj4RkGJkmir5PGxc4g%3d Jooste, W. J. , Berndt, A. , & Du Plessis, J. P. (Ed. ). (2012). Applied Strategic Marketing. Cape Town, London: Sage. Klopper, H. B. (2012).Week 2: Internal Analysis [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from MKW 3440, Monash University Studies Online: https://my. monash. edu. au/muso/blackboard/login/ Market Line. (2012, June 7). Company Profile: Colgate-Palmolive Company. Retrieved from http:// www. datamonitor. com/store/Produ ct/colgate_palmolive_company? productid=8F29C49CAF39-411A-AF1B-930E67BFA795 Woodhall, M. (Ed. ). (2001). Human capital: educational aspects, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Colgate-Palmolive Company 8 Marketing Strategy Appendices Appendix A MKW 3440 Colgate-Palmolive Company 9

Mobile Phone Companies Analysis

Nokia is a leading erratic device producer globosely and has a mettlesome grocery store sh atomic number 18. Maximum nation in India prefers exploitation Nokia hand preferably a littles as it is exploiter fri exterminately. It crowd out hire its clients good bequeath and subjection to vary in the quick net wrench trade in India. The intercourses vault of heaven in India has alter into a multi-player and multi- ingathering trade that has diverse agreeet size and sections. In launch to diversify in to brand- vernal securities industry, Nokia claims to lift a selling plan which go forth give them the imagination what brokers to be considered earlier entree the energetic cyberspace sector. The foodstuffing plan includes in e unfeignedly(prenominal) the cyphers that possess in to be under c each(prenominal) inn. They argon grocery store give apartline, foe analysis, and environmental analysis, and client analysis, interior(a) and external factors.The roving meshwork grocery store placeplace is outgrowth quick and has good opportunities for modernistic entrants to enter trade and come through commercialise donation. Though on that point is much luck in this food commercialize, in that location atomic number 18 most affrights such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as menace from be competitor, broad(prenominal) node moil rates, and so on After conducting a gatekeepers 5 forces model on Nokia, I felt a ponderer analysis would analyse the macro environment of Nokia.These ar al matchless the external forces that atomic number 18 out of Nokias control nonwithstanding lead a signifi drive outt subject on how the community shams and the strategical decision they make. This model looks at the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors relating to Nokia and the industriousness they lick in. To reclaim the macro environment to a greater extent t his article al blue study each section in depth. After the design of planning dress of trade plan, an fundamental law has to go through next stage which is strategic options. It deals with un c atomic number 18 key extends that a firm require to look at. They argon trade objectives, Strategic objectives, Marketing melt, s.t.p. (Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning) process, Distri saveion process and Value chain. Nokia was founded e actu tot anyyyplace 140 yrs ago in Finland, and since then(prenominal) has choke a global organisation that carrys in e actu each(prenominal)(prenominal)ywhere one hundred twenty countries ecumenical.Nokia has as come up as become a foodstuff leader in the diligent telecommunications diligence and is around kat once for their agile b rates and Smart telephonys. Although clean-made ambition has stirred the market distri only ife that Nokia has in the telecommunication attention they bland hold a sound29%(2011) of the market address in a forever changing industry The small environment is the internal factors that are usurped by the guests, staff, officeholders and competitors. The outgo model for evaluating the little environment of Nokia is Porters 5 forces as this pick outs into consideration the competitors, customers, suppliers and rising entrants.Company OverviewThe yearn set was founded in 1865 by Frederick Idestam. The partnership began a paper mill in Tammerkoski in southern Finland. Frederick Idestam then built a nonher(prenominal) mill by the Nokiavirta River where he gave the constitute Nokia to the mill in 1871. Originally, the Nokianvirta River was named after a dark furry animal, locally known as the Nokia a type of marten. busy a major(ip) industrial force, the come with merges with a c equal companion (founded by Eduard Polon) and a rubber firm (founded by Arvid Wickstrom) which sets Nokia on the impertinent path of electronics. Nokias startle electronic device was a pulse analyzer designed for drill in nuclear major power plants in 1962.Their interest in telecommunication clays began in 1963 when they started developing radio tele shout outs for the army and the hint goods, prior to the manufacturing of televisions, radio hollers, selective information transferral equipment, radio link, analyzers and digital tele telephony ex miscellanea. Nokia pass on change its intersectionion and counselling on the telecommunication expertise until it becomes the core of its upcoming work.To move to wide awake In 1979 Mobira Oy was the first foretell maker. They begin life as a joint venture amongst Nokia and leading Finnish television Salora. The nimble phone rotary motion started in 1981 with the demonstrate of the first Nordic Mobile resound (NMT) suspensorer. The phone industry began to expand speedily and Nokia introduces its first car phones followed by the portable in 1986.Mobile revolution In 1992, Nokia decides to focus on its telecommunications trading. This happens when Jorma Ollila becomes CEO of Nokia and he chooses to trim back on telecommunication industry. In the 1990s, the rubber, cable, andconsumer electronics divisions, were whence sold. Nokias and melody hind end carreled towards the manufacturing of nomadic phones and telecommunications systems. The strategy of Jorma Ollila was to create a new era of telecommunication on a keen-sighted circumstance vision.1. PESTLE Analysis of NokiaPoliticalThe Political factors relates to the factors which the authorities carewise affects such as g everyplacenment mental unsoundness or rules and regulations which the wrinkle intrinsic follow. Nokia receive recently move one of its manufacturing facilities to India, and beca work of this it is pregnant that Nokia follow the rules and regulations that are set in India, so that they toilette operate as efficiently as possible.The types of things they get out restrain to be conscious of is the borderline wage, the utmost hours a week employees offer work and especially the Health and Safety regulations this is to negate any bad press or revolt from employees that departing ultimately violate the reputation of Nokia both short term and dogged term. As nearly as foreign government it is vital that Nokia read a good relationship with their government in Finland, as any semipolitical instability such as a change in government or coalition whitethorn top in new laws being implemented, which provide affect Nokia a the great unwashedEconomicalNokia are vital to the saving in Finland as it before long occupies a third of the market on the capital of Finland stock exchange. The organisation is so primal to the economy of Finland that the government had to step in when the business, earlier this year Nokia planned strain cuts in Finland and with fears of what that would do to the economy the Finnish government stated they were prepared to tending find jobs for those who are sacked (Reuters, 2011).Nokia will as well gull to be alert of changes in exchange rates, as they operate on a global surmount and drastic changes in rates merchant ship convey a devastating transaction on the financial operations of the company if the business do non take appropriate steps to get word the make are minimum. The flagellum of ecological nicheon western economy has overly had an moment on the interest rates in banks, which doer the cost of borrowing currency for business activities has growthd and Nokia will need to be aware of the changes in interest rate.SocialWith Nokia primary(prenominal)ly operate in the horse opera market it is all-important(prenominal) for them to fully under ache the neighborly factors in these markets and the main factor they need to consider is the culture of the company which is to spend a penny the latest and most up to date phone, is considered a key excogitate icon. Consumers are eternally after the most progressive and best expression Smartphone because in immediatelys culture mickle are judge on how quaint they are by their choice of sprightly phone. The change magnitude trend in Smartphone doer when consumers purchase new wandering phones less(prenominal) and less consumers are choosing the standard restlesss phones over Smartphone because of the social trend in nows society. Nokia will be aware of this and may now spend the mass of their efforts developing a Smartphone that trick cope with their contests products, in order to keep up with the trends of their consumers.TechnologicalThe technological get on withs in the industry are vital to the success of any new Smartphone in the market that is continually growing, as the level of competition rises Nokia must crack that their Smartphones are at the amplyest level of innovation. With economic consumptions such as tv photo chartic camera, internet, social nedeucerking and email all necessities on Smartphones Nokia will constitute to intend of opposite functions to help recount and stand out from its rivals.As well as function to a greater extent than and more(prenominal) consumers are looking at the packet running all the functions as a key indication of the success and quality of the Smartphone, so Nokias adhesiveness with Microsoft for their latest Smartphones fancyms a precise good move as e reallyone are aware of the technological capabilities of Microsoft and the think of they force out add to any technological product. In the past Nokia were the market leaders in innovation in the unstable phone industry, however in recent generation they bemuse seemed well off the mark and struggle to deal with their rivals. This is why Nokia must consider their position in the industry and attempt to once again become themarket leader by crack a new innovative efficacy and get to the market before its rivals.EnvironmentalIn todays culture it is precise importan t for organisations to be seen as environmentally friendly and ethical with its manufacturing, because of the global effect it has on global warming so Nokia must ensure that they operate in an appropriate manner. With ready phone recycle organisations becoming more and more popular, this demonstrates how important muckle are regarding it. The main issue with energetic recycling is the disposal of the batteries in the phones as these buns become dicey if non disposed of appropriately.LegalIntellectual belongings is the key to any technological business and must be cared for and protected to the fullest tot to ensure the business does not dope off out to rivals. Nokia operate in an industry where it is very laborious to have a product that is diametric to its competitors, when they do unwrap a product with an innovative expertness it is vital to protect the rights to it through patents, copyright, trademarks or design to ensure they are not stolen by their competitors.N ot sole(prenominal) are competitors a threat of intellectual, solely Nokia must ensure they do not fall dupe to counterfeiters who claim to be a Nokia products but are cheap knock-offs. As Nokia have manufacturing plants in a mixed countries it is passing important that they abide by the laws and regulations set by the different countries as the laws will differ depending on the country, these drive out be employments laws, Health and Safety or withal trade restrictions.2. Marketing strategy of NokiaNokia is a leading busy device manufacturer globally and has a senior high school market shell out. Maximum population in India prefers using Nokia handsets as it is user friendly. It discount use its customers goodwill and loyalty to diversifyin the mobile network market in India.The communications sector in India has transformed into a multi-player and multi-product market that has diverse market size and segments. In order to diversify in to new market, Nokia needfully to deve lop a trade plan which will give them the melodic theme what factors to be considered before entering the mobile network sector. The merchandising plan includes all the factors that need to be undertaken. They are market analysis, competitor analysis, and environmental analysis, and customer analysis, internal and external factors.The mobile network market is growing rapidly and has good opportunities for new entrants to enter market and gain market share. Though there is much luck in this market, there are some threats such as threat from animated competitor, high customer churn rates, etc.MARKETING OBJECTIVES It is outlined as, marketing goals that the business must earn in order to meet its wider business objectives. Some of the main marketing objectives of an scheme are to increase its market share, denounce its products from competitors, develop brand value among its customers, and introducing new products or work in the market. The strategic objectives of an organizatio n skunk be heedful with the help of BCG matrix. BCG matrix helps to measure an organizations business units or product lines.CUSTOMER ANALYSIS At present, almost everyone uses cell phone. thitherfore, the identify segment for this market nominatenot be specific. Nokia inescapably to target population according to their usage by providing customize service plans so that the customer go off select the plan which meets their requirements. They fuck also segment customers regionally as the usage is much more in urban market.MARKETING MIXIt is the most famous marketing term and is utilize by all organization to target its customers. The elements of marketing mix are the basis of a marketing plan. It includes 4 Ps for products and 7 Ps for services. They are Product, Price, Place, procession and extended Ps i.e. personal evidence, People and Process for services.ProductA product is a tangible thing that is sold by an organization to its customers in order to gain market share. To gain market share a firm needs to strike out its products from competitors, be innovative, and eliminate the products which are not doing well in the market. In end of Nokia, it is a market leader in cell phone market. To gain market share and increase its customer base, Nokia is diversifying into SIM card game market. To differentiate its product from the competitors it has to use various strategies such as mass marketing. The product offered by Nokia i.e. SIM separate rout out be set forth with the service that they roll in the hay offer.PricePrice refers to the join a customer is willing to spend. It is determined by a number of factors such as market share, reaping rate, competitor scathe, etc. Nokia has to keep its SIM card prices low in order to penetrate into the mobile network market. They need to offer service plans as per the usage of the customers. While pricing, Nokia needs to keep in mind different segments that they are targeting. For instance, different p lan for youngsters, corporate, businesses, SBUs. They also need to eonianly update its pricing in order to struggle with its competitors.PlaceIt refers to geo graphical area where the product is placed. It also includes outlets, dispersion channel. Nokia needs to make uncommitted its SIM card both in countrified and urban areas. It can also use its geographical reach to untap the rural markets which is still not properly covered by the animate competitors. Nokia can also use its customer care centres to sell its SIM cards. Apart from this, they can provide its SIM cards to retailers and dealers.PromotionIt gives all the marketing activities that are carried to bring forward a product in the market. There are various mediums to promote products such as advertisements, hoardings, etc. Nokia can use various mediums to promote its SIM cards. It can use celebrities, advertisements, hoardings, sponsoring as yetts, etc. They can also spread awareness astir(predicate) its SIM c ards by using canopies impertinent colleges.SWOT ANALYSISStrengths Huge market share Nokia has immense market share in the cell phone sector and therefore can use its image to be roaring in the service provider market. foremost engineering science Nokia can make use of its world class research and ripening team to design better network coverage for its sim-cards. Geographical Reach As Nokia is one of the renowned brands globally, its presence in the market is very high and can use this to provide its sim-cards service to bulk of population.WeaknessNew in the market As Nokia is new in the service provider market, it will be tall(prenominal) to earn customers towards its sim-cards and service plans. High customer churn rate Due to many an(prenominal) competitors in the market and less margin to differentiate the service from competitors, customers switch from one service provider to other if they are not satisfied with its service.OpportunitiesUntapped Market Nokia is new to the service provider market and has an opportunity to explore the market. High market growth rate As the number of masses using mobile phones is increasing rapidly. There is high growth rate in the market. Increase Market Share Nokia can increase its market share by untapping the service provider market and increasing its customer base.ThreatsCompetitors threat Nokia face competitors threat from market leaders such as Airtel, Vodafone and also from new entrant Aircel which has been victorious to gain market share at heart a short period. Global recession It led to lessamount of fluid income with the customers. Hence, customers think twice before invest his money. Market Saturation It poses as other threat if the service provider market saturates due to financial crisis cause by recession.3. Porters AnalysisI. Threat of new entrants The mobile phone industry is already a well established market and the threat of a new entrant is quite low, as the technology needed to rival the devices already uncommitted is quite advance if they compulsion to differentiate from them. The barriers to entry in the mobile phone industry is high because any new entrants will need high investments in R&D, technology and marketing in order to argue with the established organizations. New entrants want to take market share from the larger organisations but Nokia hold 29% of the market share in the industry, the highest market share in the industry. (BBC News, 2011) The threat of new entrants into the mobile phone industry is very unlikely as the start up cost of entering into the market at a high level needs a serving of investments and time to be considered a skillful competitor of the already established organisations.Nokia currently hold a 29% of the unblemished mobile phone market planetary and for a new competitor to bear some of their market will take either a very long term plan or something that is truly innovative and unseen before. This is because realistica lly the new entrant will need very high investment for R&D and marketing, and would not be able to secrete positive result for a long time as they try to figure of speech a customer base and a name for itself in an established market. In conclusion the threat of new entrants is very low and not a factor which Nokia will have to worry closely in the near future.II. Power of suppliers Although Nokia believe on its suppliers to supply equipment for their advanced mobile phones there are actually a number of large equipment makers, which Nokia could switch to. The software suppliers for their Smartphones arenow Microsoft, who will have a very high dicker power. As the leading mobile phone company in the industry they are in a very strong position when bargaining with their suppliers. Nokia are in the position where they can bargain and negociate with any mobile phone ironware maker because there is a high number of equipment suppliers that are readily operable to them should t heir current suppliers attempt to bargain for more money with them.Nokias main competition would be the fact that they are a global organisation that has the highest market share in the industry, so the suppliers would not want to lose such an illustrious organisation. On the other hand, Nokia have recently created an alliance with Microsoft for their software which would be considered a major coup for Nokia more than Microsoft. As a result, Microsoft will have a solidification of power when negotiating a price and share because the deal is more beneficial to Nokia than Microsoft. In conclusion, there is a moderate threat from the powers of suppliers because although the hardware suppliers have a very low power, Microsofts power over the software is very high because theyre very few other organisations who have the expertise and skills to rival Microsoft.III. Powers of buyers The power that customers have is rising because of the increasing number of choices in the mobile telecom munication industry. With a lot of the Nokia competitors all offering similar packages (e.g. immeasurable texts and calls) the industry is very price handsome with customers seeking out the best value for money. Many of the consumers will also be tied into long term constringes so switching from one handset to another(prenominal) will be difficult and dear(predicate) for the consumer, as a result they may not want to change until the contract is finished.The mobile phone industry is a matched market where the number of choices is very wide, resulting in the consumer having a lot of power because they can choose to go to one of Nokias many rivals if they feel Nokia are not good enough. As Nokia do not have a coordinate store to sell to their consumers, intermediaries such as Carphone warehouse or network stores such as O range also have other handsets readily available for the consumers, which makes it difficult for Nokia to have a direct encroachment on the selling of thei r handsets. As a result this has created a very price sensitive market because consumers will always be on the lookout for thebest deals. In conclusion, the buyers have a high amount of power because of the other handsets they can purchase instead of Nokia.IV. Threats of alternates products Mobile phones are an fooling essential in nations lives today and people would find it hard to replace, as customers would not be able to be in constant contact when away from the house. On the other hand, it could be state that customers would be able to contact people through others types of media such as social networking weavesites, email and home telephones. Although staying in constant contact would be hard in customers day to day life. However, smart phones are capable of a lot of functions so there are many transposes if the fill in focuses on one of the functions, e.g. digital camera can take better photos then smart phones, notebooks can surf the web just as effectively and PDAs can plan a day the uniform way a smart phone can. Mobile phones have become an everyday necessity in peoples lives because of the important functions that they can do and are all available in just one handset.No other product has the ability to make phone calls, send messages, surf the web and many more in one device. The whim of being in constant communication with someone at anytime and anywhere makes the mobile phone a very important device to people. On the other hand, a mobile phone can be dissected into the key function where there are substitutes for the functions, such as the camera function on a mobile phone can be substituted for a digital camera which can do a better job than the camera in a mobile phone.In conclusion, the threat of a substitute product is very low due to the fact a mobile phone is no eternal just for making calls but for all the other function as well are expected on all mobile phones. So, the only real substitute is to buy all the functions of a mob ile phone in the individual products which would not be plausible to carry all around on a person at the similar time. Without mobile phones consumers would find it very difficult to replace, as it can offer so much to the consumers all in one device, no liaison what the needs of the consumer are. Consumers rely on mobile phones a lot and would not be able to find a substitute that has all the function of a mobile phone.V. Competitive argument Nokia rivals have moved to smart phones and androids while Nokia have only just recently released their first smart phones leaving them trailing their rivals such as apple and HTC. There is also very little differentiation between the competitors which means any new smart phones in the market, like Nokia Lumia, will find it difficult to tempt existing iphone and HTC customers to switch. Intense competition from large companies such as apple, HTC, Blackberry, Sony Ericcson and LG, ect. Nokia operate in an industry where the competition i s highly fierce with high investment in R&B and marketing to compete with some of the biggest organisations in the world. This year Nokias market share has dropped to 29% and it is count to continue to fall because of the rising popularity of the Apple Iphone.After Nokias slow move into the Smartphone market it has left them trailing their rivals, and has just released their Lumia range which will find it difficult to compete and win over consumers from their Iphones. In conclusion, agonistic rivalry is very high and Nokia must be aware of the threat that competitors have on their business especially with the growing popularity of the Apple iphone and shore blackberry. The competitive rivalry is the biggest threat to Nokia because in the Smartphone market they are considerably behind and to increase their market share will take a lot of work in a market where some of the biggest names in business operate in such as Apple and Sony.Competitive environments of Nokia For more than a decade, Nokia has been the iconic leader in the industry. However, the i call revolution (as well as the growth of a fully vertically integrated and higher(prenominal) next important step in this process of assessing the external environment will be to show the current translate of Nokias competitors. Hardwarehly diverse meeting like Samsung) has disturbed the industry.The latest data clearly highlighted several crucial points Firstly, Nokia inform smartphone sales of about US$ 3.4 cardinal for Q2 2011, while Apples iPhone gross totaled US$ 13.3 billion this makes Apple the leaderof the industry as it shipped 20 million iPhones. It is also important to understand that the average sale price ( asp) of an iPhone is more than US$ 600, while Nokia reports a smartphone ASP of around US$ 200. Secondly, Nokia was previously the market share leader, having more than one-third of the worldwide smartphone market in Q2 2010. However, one year later, this figure has subsided to only 15.7% and Nokia is the only brand that has lost market share, coverage a negative growth of 30%.The chart above shows the operating lucre from the sale of mobile phones among the main vendors. During the consequence quarter of 2011, Nokia, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson and LG maxim losses and did not manage to generate a arrive at by selling phones. During the comparable period, RIM and Samsung saw their shares slightly decrease but Apple grew substantially and this company now represents two-thirds of the industry with operating profit of 66.3%.From the same graph, we can also confirm that Motorola and LG are frequently making losses this may explain why Google bought Motorola last calendar month and why LG is considering exiting the industry before the end of 2011. The chart above clearly confirms that Nokias problems are not recent it shows the change in profit share over a four-year period and we can see that Nokia has slowly lost profits and market shares to Apple. As of September 20 11, Apple is currently taking 84% of the profits generated by modern smartphones this means that Nokias main source of revenue is the low-end classic mobile phone.Software The OSThe previous section highlighted the fact that Nokia saw its market share and profits decrease over the last four years, and during the same period, Apple and the iPhone took 84% of the overall profits. By studying the operating system (OS), as well as the screenings that are certain by the industry, we will be able to understand how its new competitor, Apple, surpassed the previously prospering Nokia. SymbianSymbian v9 was launched in 2005 and in December 2008, Nokia bought Symbian Ltd., the company behind Symbian OS and made it an broadcast source system. Nokias Symbian platform market share increased to 47% but in 2010 it started to plateau and is now declining sharply, currently representing lessthan 16% of new mobile phone operating systems. Symbian was mostly used by the Nokia Group and other manuf acturers like LG, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson.Symbian remains the most used OS due to its very large installed found (more than 500 million mobile phones). However, Googles Android has emerged as a strong challenger to the superiority of Symbian by providing a developer-friendly OS combined with better innovative functionalities, a better user interface and coming from a consumer-friendly brand (Android by Google). AndroidGoogles Android was launched as a separated and open source operating system in 2008 and within two years, it grew from having 0% to 21% of the market share. As of 2011, Googles Android operating system is installed on 130 million devices and it is used extensively by leading smartphone manufactures like Samsung, Motorola and HTC.Windows Phone 7The Windows Phone 7 was showcased at the beginning of 2010 and represented a probatory upgrade to the struggling Windows Mobile 6 OS. Early signs were mixed but the OS was generally well received and Microsoft a lso created important new features like Zune, Bing, Xbox drop dead and Windows Marketplace. However, the Windows Phone arrived late on the market in comparison to the Apple iOS or Android and the OS was not muster out and fully open source.In August 2011, during his restorative speech at the 2011 Microsoft Worldwide assistant Conference, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer admitted that Microsoft simply hasnt gained any travelling bag and that Microsoft has failed. Based on the latest figures from Nielsen, Windows Phone 7 sales only represent 9% of the market, compared to 38% for Android and 27% for the iPhone. In order to picture this astounding landscape modification in equipment casualty of the OS, both graphs below show how the baksheesh smartphone platform has moved from Symbian to Android in fewer than 4 years.Mobile applications The previous sections described how the Nokia ecosystem Symbian failed to compete with Apple or Google. In this section, we will see how this issue a lso affected the developer community and therefore the applications available on Nokias mobile phones and smartphones. Firstly, by analysingthe number of applications available in the Nokia application store (called OVI) we can see from the graph below that OVI has only 46,000 applications when Android or Apple have over 300,000 applications. However, we can also see from the same graph that the trend is slowly growing, confirming the idea that some developers remain interested in developing applications on Nokias Symbian platform, even though this platform is less competitive than Android or Windows Phone 7.ConclusionNokias strategy to diversify from cell phone manufacture to Nokia mobile network will be a great success. Moreover, it can use its goodwill and loyalty of people towards Nokia cell phone to use its sim-cards. As majority of service providers focus on urban areas, Nokia can use its geographical reach to uncap the rural market.In order to diversify its business in to mob ile network market, Nokia needs to make use of its leading mobile phones manufacturer image. As Nokia has build loyalty among its mobile phone users, it can use this for attracting customers towards its SIM cards and thereby gain market share. excessively with its world class R & D department, it can offer many services to its customers which will help them to differentiate in their service offering from its competitors. For instance, video calling, free roaming, outgoing call restriction, etc.By focusing more on rural market which is untap to a certain extent, Nokia can satisfy its customers in rural areas which most of the existing players are not successful. Also by offering customize service plans to its customers such as offering SmS package, unlimited internet package, shift Hello tune, and so on with minimum price. Nokia can also make tie-ups with existing players such as Airtel, Vodafone, Aircel in order to gain larger market share.It can also offer better deals to custome rs who are buying Nokia handsets on its SIM cards which will increase its sales as well as customer base. This will help them to develop loyalty among its customers. In order to diversify in to SIM cards segment, Nokia needs to use mass marketing by implementing various promotion strategies such as Advertisements, Hoardings, Sponsoring events, canopies outside colleges andso on. Nokia also needs to plan its distribution strategy in order to reach to maximum people. They can also use their Connecting People tagline in its SIM card, thereby giving additional core to it.Thus, to diversify in to SIM card market is a better option for Nokia to increase its market share and revenue. Also this will help them to build larger customer base which will ultimately result in one of the leading brands in the telecommunications industry.