Psychological And Neurobiological Models Of Anxiety

One of the next major questions that psychologists should attempt to answer was proposed in Sharp et al. (2015) in which the authors of the paper discussed the transdiagnostic dimensions of anxiety, particularly the neural mechanisms and executive functions involved. The two dimensions of anxiety that the paper specifically focused on were anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. According to the paper, these two factors have helped to bridge the gap between psychological and neurobiological models of anxiety. The study of neuroscience, which is in its relative infancy, has also led to many changes in our understanding of psychological diagnosis and disorders. This new field, however, has also resulted in many unanswered questions. These questions are numerous and varying and include researchers’ attempts to identify the specific mechanisms through which disorders occur, genes that may predispose individuals to certain disorders, new methods of measuring the constructs that m ake up â€Å"disorders†, and ways of effectively treating these disorders. With the advent of neuroscience and new, improved neuroimaging techniques the field of psychology has had to adjust and attempt to integrate a neurobiological component to the largely conceptual constructs that frame many of our current definitions of mental disorders. Because of these advancements, many of our present attempts at classifying mental disorders have been brought into question or have had changes made in the way theyShow MoreRelatedOutline The Processes Of Nociception1498 Words   |  6 Pagesof pain. -Anxiety/Stress/Fear -Swelling -Pain/ point tenderness -Bruising/Ecchymosis -Ankle joint laxity/Stiffness -Secondary hyperalgesia -Weak surrounding ankle muscles -Referred pain -Unable to fully weight bear -Reduced Passive Active range of motion Q (2b.) Explain how these factors might impact on her pain. Describe the likely neurobiological mechanisms involved. Relate to the Clinical Model of Pain. Linda may have psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depressionRead MoreEffectiveness Of Highly Sequenced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Other Specified Feeding Or Eating Disorders And Anxiety1332 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2005, Swedish researchers, Nevonen and Broberg, investigated the effectiveness of highly sequenced cognitive-behavioral therapy for Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders and anxiety. They released a study examining thirty five EDNOS participants with a mean age of 20.5, matched and randomized to twenty three sessions of sequenced CBT, followed by either individual or group therapy. Intention-to-treat analysis was used and participants were measured pre, post-treatment, and at one and 2Read MoreA Critical Reflection on Information Processing Theories of Trauma Response1613 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence, clinical practice and developmental factors. Information Processing Theories of Trauma Response Information-processing models relating to trauma are based on Lang’s (1977) suggested that emotions are stored in memory networks containing information about stimuli, responses, and meanings regarding emotional events. Lang proposed that patients with anxiety disorders have unusually coherent and stable fear memories that are easily activated by stimulus elements that may be ambiguous butRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Approach On Eating Disorders1335 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore, along with biological, psychological and family factors have been generating an excessive preoccupation with the body, an abnormal fear of becoming fat and anxiety markedly accompanied by changes in the body schema. These are therefore the characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The following ten literature review attempt to demonstrate and support the theory of cognitive approach on eating disorders, briefly understanding the neurobiological mechanisms. Eating DisordersRead MoreNeurobiological And Biological Relationships Of Major Depressive Disorder1312 Words   |  6 PagesNeurobiological and Biological Relationships to Major Depressive Disorder Biological and neurobiological studies have become more and more closely correlated with mental disorders throughout the past decade of scientific progress. This paper aims to expound models that have contributed to our developing understanding of the origins of Major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment guidance, from both neurobiological and biological fields. It will also explore the implications, both positive and negativeRead MoreChildhood Abuse Or Neglect And Genetically Such As Relative With Mental Health Problems1727 Words   |  7 PagesThere are some people who been through childhood abuse or neglect and genetically such as relative with mental health problems. â€Å"Demographics and trauma history with age, gender, educational level, employment status, marital status, history of psychological intervention counselling, current use of psychotropic medication, type of trauma, time since the trauma and following traumatic event† (Karatzias et. al, 2013, p. 503). Not all trauma survivors will develop permanent PTSD disorders and some mayRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Processing On The Treatment Of Ptsd1462 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional disturbance include recurring nightmares, compulsions, phobias, pressure of talk, re-experiencing, return of anxieties, incongruous expressions of emotion to treatment failures/setbacks as to time and place, A subordinate reason for introducing the model arose from the incremental evidence that at least three forms of behavioural treatment were effective in reducing psychological problems, notably phobias. Common difficulties challenged during exposure therapy for PTSD, including under engagementRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex Addiction On The Failure Of The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental962 Words   |  4 Pagessymptom that typically presents with multiple comorbidities, which include serious diseases or health concerns, other addictions, environmental factors, and psychological components such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, low self worth and self hatred. In addition to these illnesses, the authors offer several cases for the neurobiological mechanisms involved in sexual addiction. These include: the reward/executive function where gratification can alter prefrontal cortex neuroplasticity, previousRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1724 Words   |  7 Pagese ffects of the disorders. It is also rather difficult to diagnose someone with an ED because most of the symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases (Chelvanayagam Newell, 2015). Eating disorders have been linked to other serious disorders such as anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and social phobias. Commonalities in symptoms of EDs have been liked to other serious illnesses such as ADHD, Asperger’s, bipolar disorder, distortion of sense of self, and schizophrenia (Hausswolff-JuhlinRead MoreThe Theories Of Causation And Development Of Bdd1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of BDD. According to the main researches, we need to consider the combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors at the core of BDD. Although we are aware that the dangerous messages of our culture about the importance of appearance may contribute to the etiology of BDD, we want to prioritize what experts found about the genetic, biological, and psy chological factors. In her preliminary study, Phillips (2009) found that about 20% of individuals with BDD have at

Social Differentiation And Separation Of Latin American...

Cities have been traditionally seen as the breeding grounds for citizenship, the latter usually framed in terms of dwellers having specific rights, duties, some sort of political participation and frequent interactions with each other. Yet, urbanization can also present many challenges that further disenfranchise and marginalize residents. As the most urbanized region in the world, Latin American cities highlight both of these sceneries. Industrialization and neoliberal economic policies led to the continent’s rapid urbanization, introducing large developments but also deeply segregated urban centers, characterised by strong tensions between their formal and informal dimensions. Latin American leaders’ efforts to tackle this issue have presented both setbacks and opportunities to transform the city into a more integrated space, and set the path to recognize every dwellers’ right to the city: to be in it, to enjoy it, and to build it. Social differentiation and separation have been frequent characteristics of Latin American cities, in both physical, psychological and cultural terms. As Teresa Caldeira indicates in â€Å"City of Walls,† the pattern of segregation in Latin America traditionally obeyed the center-periphery model where the middle and upper classes lived in legalized neighborhood in the center of the cities, while the poor inhabited the mostly illegal precarious fringe. For most of the 20th century, social housing estates outside of the metropolis were believed to beShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban National Hero Jose Marti, A Precursor Of Latin American Modernism2567 Words   |  11 Pagesideas that prevailed in Latin America during the nineteenth century. My concentration in this comparison is on how ethnicity and race are illustrated. The first nationalist thinker whose ideas I intent to discuss is the Cuban national hero Josà © Martà ­, a precursor of Latin American modernism. I will contrast Mar tà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ideas and writings with the Peruvian journalist and political philosopher Josà © Carlos Marià ¡tegui, the representative and advocator of twentieth century Latin American Marxist ideas. ThereRead MoreUnifying Principles of10026 Words   |  41 Pagesorganizational behavior. One or more of these courses is generally among the eight to ten required/core courses in a bachelors or masters degree in business. These management courses draw from a wide variety of sciences, including psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and systems theory. Concepts and theories from both pure and applied science are introduced to help explain the nature of life in organizations in terms of personality, motivation, communication, planningRead MoreAcculturation of Immigrants Essay examples2501 Words   |  11 PagesI. Introduction A. More and more immigrants pour in for American Dream, but fail B. Main Points American dream- hope, freedom, jobs and a better life for their children (Costa 1) Need to acculturate Child who learns to speak English has more control than parent (Costa 1)- Acculturated second generation generally more economically successful To get good jobs, need English language and American education- need to be well-rounded to be wanted by top schools (Fuller 39) Cultural identification-Read MoreBourdieu What Makes A Social Class7818 Words   |  32 PagesWhat Makes a Social Class? On The Theoretical and Practical Existence Of Groups* By Pierre BoQrdieu It would be easy and tempting to deride the topic of this symposium and to uncover the presuppositions it conceals under its apparent neutrality. But if you will allow me just one criticism of the way it formulates the question of social class, it is that it misleads one to believe that this problem can be reduced to a simple choice and resolved by a few common-sense arguments. In fact, behind theRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagescontrast, Greek political organization was based on hundreds of independent city-states or small settlements of between 500 and 5,000 male citizens. †¢ The Greeks did not build an empire but did expand through the establishment of colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas. †¢ The most distinctive feature of Greek political culture lay in the extent of popular participation in political life that occurred within the city-states. This participation was based on the unique ideas of â€Å"citizenshipRead More Colombian Democracy Essay5929 Words   |  24 Pagesâ€Å"armed conflict† and â€Å"political democracy.† These phenomena are a defining feature of modern Colombia. They have coexisted since 1958 when the National Front political pact ended intra-elite conflict in La Violencia but failed to guarantee a stable social order. In a sense, Colombian society was never successfully â€Å"pacified† in the way its neighboring nations were. The question of whether and how these two realities will be linked in the future is what stimulates my interest in this Andean nation.Read MoreBlack Athlete5745 Words   |  23 PagesLegislating the Family: Heterosexist Bias in Social Welfare Policy Frameworks Amy Lind University of Virginia Studies in Women and Gender Program This article addresses the effects of heterosexist bias in social welfare policy frameworks on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families in the United States. It discusses the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal deï ¬ nitions of family and householdRead MorePolitical Turncoatism9214 Words   |  37 Pagesparty-system and turncoatism? These and other related subjects will be the focus of the study. We will try to discern the different factors affecting the issue at hand and also to enumerate the different effects of this kind of system in the political and social arena of the country. Research Question: What gives rise to the phenomenon of turncoatism in the Philippines? Sub- Questions: 1. What gives rise to this phenomenon? 2. What are its different manifestations in the Philippine politics? 3. What areRead MoreThe Speech Community.Pdf11808 Words   |  48 Pagesstudies langue as attributable to a socially coherent body (whether or not it professes interest in the social nature of that body); or that takes as primitive such notions as ‘native speaker’, ‘competence/performance’, ‘acceptability’, etc., which manifestly refer to collective behavior, rests partially on a concept equivalent to the SpCom. Linguistic systems are exercised by speakers, in social space: there they are acquired, change, are manipulated for expressive or communicative purposes, undergoRead MoreInternational Marketing Plan for Coca-Cola Company7276 Words   |  30 Pagesrelationship between employers and employees and make them as a part of the family members * To win the customers heart by providing outstanding quality of Coca-Cola product | Quantitative Objectives | * To enlarge the business in different big city in Malaysia such as Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Penang, Pahang and Kedah * To commence different type of beverages in term of flavors to attract the consumers * Develop customer satisfaction | Financial Objectives | * Have at least 50% sales

Analysis Of The Book The Stranger By Albert Camus

Natalie Comella â€Å"The Outsider† Introduction â€Å"Life has to be given a meaning because of the obvious fact that it has no meaning.† Henry Miller â€Å"The outsider† also commonly known as â€Å"The Stranger† is written by Albert Camus. It is a book that explores the many concepts, understandings and overall idea of human life. As my group and I take time to break down the varies aspects of the book, please take time to reflect, and understand your own meaning of human life. Symbols Symbolism is often used to represent something of a close association or resemblance to an object or thing. In the outsider the symbols present aren’t really obvious, they are things that you put together as the book goes along. The first and most important symbol in the book is the sun. It is often seen to be a symbol of life, power, strength and energy. But in the outsider is used to symbolize something else. The sun is the indicator to Meursault’s emotions and actions. He is constantly referring to the sun and using it in a way to express how he is feeling. â€Å"And what with the sun and the smell of leather and horse-dung from the hearse, and the smell of vanish and incense and the sleepless night I’d had, I was so tired that I could hardly see or think straight.† (Chapter one, Part one pg. 21) Meursault uses the sun as one of his excuses to his disinterest and so called tiredness at his mother’s funeral. Again when the murder of the Arab occurred he mentionsShow MoreRelated Albert The Absurd Camus Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert The Absurd Camus â€Å"Albert Camus is one of the most likeable and approachable of the mid-twentieth-century French authors† (Brosman 10).This is quite a compliment for Camus, but most would agree. In France, Albert is known for his many books, two which have made the French best-sellers list. His works are often read and studied in French secondary-school class rooms, introducing a countless number of students to his pieces each year. Camus also holds the high honor of receiving the NobelRead More The Stranger Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesWhile reading The Stranger I noticed that traits that Albert Camus character depicts in the book are closely related to the theories of Sigmund Freud on moral human behavior. Albert Camus portrays his character of Meursault as a numb, emotionless person that seems to mindlessly play out his role in society, acting in a manner that he sees as the way he’s supposed to act, always living in the moment with his instincts driving him, and if the right circumstance presents itself the primal deep seededRead More Absurdity in Albert Camus’ The Stranger Essay2431 Words   |  10 Pagesthese definitions are hard to interpret and for the most part are not how Camus viewed the word absurd. Camus gives his interpretation of absurd in his book The Myth of Sisyphus, which is the point at which man realizes that all the struggles that we put forth in a repeated daily cycle are in all actuality completely meaningless (Woelfel 44). In James W. Woelfel’s book, Camus: A Theological Perspective, he gives us Camus point of absurdity in detail, I have said that the world is not absurdRead MoreTitle and Character Analysis of The Stranger by Albert Camus784 Words   |  3 PagesThe Stranger: Character and Title Analysis In Albert Camus’, The Stranger, the characters in the novel are individually unique in ways that bring out the positive and negative aspects of each other. When examining their traits you get the deeper meaning of things and what they stand for. The major characters in this novel are Meursault, Raymond Sintes, and Marie Cardona. Meursault shows no emotion through everything that goes on in his life such as a death. Raymond Sintes is a rude person and onlyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Stranger 2900 Words   |  12 Pages Curtis Poindexter Professor Slattum English M01B 11 December 2014 Literary Analysis: The Stranger The novel The Stranger is a first-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mother s death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. It was written by Albert Camus in 1942. Meursault however, is not your typical hero of a story; rather an antihero. He is neither good nor bad, and harbors no emotion. He goes through his life with a preconceivedRead MoreEssay On The Stranger1010 Words   |  5 Pages The Stranger Essay The Stranger by Albert Camus is an analysis of the human psychosis if it was isolated and apathetic. Throughout the story, our protagonist, Meursault, tells the story of his life after his mother’s death and his experiences with everyday routines. Meursault explains to the reader only the surface of what he is feeling; despite that, as a reader, one is able to view his mind directly and closely. Meursault has all the power in this book because it is his life and mind. He is ableRead MoreThe Stranger: Analysis1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe Stranger: Analysis Author: Albert Camus Pierre Palmer English II. Period #5 Date: 10/4/9 copyright, by Pierre Palmer I. Biographical Insights A. Albert Camus cultures consist of being a novelist, literature and short story writer of many books. He wrote an essay on the state of Muslims in Algeria, causing him to lose his job and he moved to Paris. Albert Camus also joined the French resistance against the Nazis and became an editor of Combat, an underground newspaper. He was dissatisfiedRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1365 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Stranger, Albert Camus uses routinesituations to demonstrate how the protagonist, Meursault is not just another ordinary individual. Camus depicts Meursault as an independent being, disinterested in his surroundings, contrasting him with the majority of his peers. Meursault traverses the entire novel, exhibiting little to no emotion. Instead, he displayscharacteristics synonymous to someone suffering from psychopathy. Regardless of the situation, Meursault refrainsfrom assigning meaningRead MoreThe Paper of the Absurd: a Literary Analysis of the Stranger1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe Paper of the Absurd: A Literary Analysis of The Stranger By: Michael Lovett Advanced Placement English Language and Compositions 5th Period 13th of December, 2010 Michael Lovett In Albert Camus’ existential novel The Stranger, the pointlessness of life and existence is exposed and expounded upon in such a manner that the entire foundation of spirituality is shaken. The concept that drives this novel is one coined by Albert Camus himself, the â€Å"absurd†. Under the absurd, life is pointlessRead MoreCrime and Punishment vs. The Stranger1438 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the novels Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Stranger by Albert Camus, sun, heat, and light play a significant role in the development and understanding of the novel and the characters in it. Upon the initial reading of The Stranger, the reader may have a general acknowledgment of a relationship between the novel’s protagonist, Mersault, and the sun and heat, either proceeding or following one of the novels significant events. What is harder to understand on the first read

Quiz Reflection 1-1. Quiz One Measure The Students Readiness

Quiz Reflection 1-1 Quiz one measure the students readiness for a leadership role. The score I received on this quiz was a 99.The scoring rubric indicates that scores between 90-100 is subjected to a high readiness for a leadership role. I believe the reason why I scored high on this quiz is because of my outgoing personality. I enjoy communicating and networking with others. I am always willing to help and teach others in need. I believe that many of the statements on the quiz exemplify my natural personality. I am a hard worker always ready to learn and help others. Quiz Reflection 1-2 Quiz 1-2 wants the reader to reflect on any leadership roles held in their present and past. During my 24 years of life I have had the honor of holding a†¦show more content†¦After trial and error I became very comfortable speaking in front of large and small groups of people. For the statement â€Å"I am a winner more than a loser† I circled strongly agree. I circled strongly agree because life is a game. In all the situations where I failed or did not receive the outcome I was aiming for I did not consider that as a lost. In those life experiences I evaluated my areas of improvement and worked hard to conquer my goals. I believe that self-confidence is about not giving up on yourself and fighting through trying circumstances. Quiz Reflection 2-2 Quiz 2-2 measures the individual’s behavior and attitude of a trustworthy leader. I know that I am a trustworthy and reliable person. However, no human is perfect and I still have many areas of improvements to mold myself into a great leader. I take pride in being a honest and trustworthy person. It is important to look people in the eye while you’re talking to them as a form of respect. Many of my friends and family consider me as a reliable person. On a regular I try to collaborate with other people to seek guidance and also invent creative ideas. Some of the areas of improvement is accepting feedback on behaviors from others. This is a problem area for me I need to learn how to accept constructive criticism. Another area of improvement is communicating information to people at all organization levels digitally and in person. Since I recently began my newShow MoreRelatedA Case for Student Communication in Online Classes7052 Words   |  29 PagesRead-only participan ts: a case for student communication in online classes L. Nagela*, A.S. Blignautb and J.C. Cronje ´ c aUniversity of Pretoria, South Africa; bNorth-West University, South Africa; cCape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa (Received 5 April 2007; final version received 25 May 2007) The establishment of an online community is widely held as the most important prerequisite for successful course completion and depends on an interaction between a peer group and aRead MoreUnderstanding 21st Century Skills† in English Language Classrooms3761 Words   |  16 Pagescompetitive world, students need to go beyond the traditional 3Rs and embrace the 4Cs – communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity. This is the view of the 21st century Skills movement which is helping to redefine the goals of general education for today’s world. â€Å"21st Century Skills† is commonly refers to a growing global movement for redefining the goals of education, to transform every day teaching and learning practices, and to expand the range of measures that are being implementedRead MoreEmotional Intelligence7706 Words   |  31 Pagesand weakness as well as how to best manage it to our advantages. The one person that served as an example of this is Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft once said â€Å"Unlike some students, I loved college. However, I felt the window of opportunity to start a software company might not open again†. It is a prime example of self-awareness and self-management that guide or facilitate reaching goals as well as the initiative of readiness to act on opportunities. Because of his self-awareness of his abilitiesRead MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 Pagesemployee performance through appraisal and coaching / Donald L. Kirkpatrick ; foreword by Dick Grote. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: How to improve performance through appraisal and coaching. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8144-0876-1 1. Employees—Rating of. I. Kirkpatrick, Donald L. How to improve performance through appraisal and coaching. II. Title. HF5549.5.R3K54 2006 658.3 125—dc22 2005025643 2006 Donald L. Kirkpatrick. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesRobert D. Library and information center management / Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. †” 7th ed. p. cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is availableRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 PagesAnish Mathai Mathew [PMP|MBA] Temenos T24 PROGRAM MANAGER at Union National Bank Featured discussion In your experience, what is the TOP #1 cause for Project failure? From experience, the following are the TOP10 causes of Project failure that Mathew can think of (they are not in any kind of order): #1. Lacking Sponsor s Involvement/Ownership #2. Halo Effect (Wrong Man for the Job) #3. Poor HR Management #4. Poor/Inadequate Project Communications #5. Ignoring Project Stakeholders Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this bookRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesDBA 1652 Marketing Management UNIT -- I Unit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Unit Title Marketing management – an introduction Marketing environment Marketing with other functional areas of management Market segmentation Market targeting and positioning Product management Brand management Pricing Channel design and management Retailing and Wholesaling Integrated Marketing Communication Advertising management Sales promotion Personal selling Public

Discovery Through Time free essay sample

Ten years from now I could almost be anything, ranging from those lost souls roaming the streets or the lost souls trapped in a cubicle. But my aspirations must always remain high, no matter the amount of darkness clouding my path. And these positions I want to acquire involve knowledge and entertainment and the marriage between the two. This is why I plan to pursue a career in journalism, so I do not have to rely on other people for my information. I realized what I wished to do with my life when the door to my mind and new ideas was opened as if by an over-eager SWAT team on an unwarranted search. The man who was a major proponent of the Hellenic invasion of the brain was Christopher Hitchens. Using his pen as a sword to cut through the veil of lies I had been told throughout my young life. We will write a custom essay sample on Discovery Through Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hitchens was the first person to explain how literature and argument is an effective tool to create change in the hearts and minds of people. He showed me that tough subjects could, in fact, be criticized with reason and that this logic and reasoning process can be applied to every aspect of life. I then began to learn and think more about my surroundings. Not only did this increase my mental aptitude, it allowed me to think for myself and not be affected by people who quite honestly were not my companion in the advancement of my future. I began to read. A new flower in my life started to bloom. It displayed its magnificent colors through novels, poetry, comedies, plays, articles, and various other texts that still plan to reveal themselves to me and reach out to my open heart and mind and suffocate them in eternal bliss. While I read as much as I can in my spare time it is art that allows me to appreciate what life gives and lets me know that I am not alone. The little things count. The laughter of a friend or the smile granted to you from a quiet angel. These are the things that are overlooked. I want to write, or rather, I must write. The need to express myself in a way through the written word was imperative. I wanted to be like my heroes were and to finally be free and true to myself. Whether or not this goal is within my reach is all up to how I work towards the end result, doing hard work out of passion. And trusting myself is as important if not more than the skeptical outlook that has more or less brought m e to this point. In the end what I desire is to be doing something I enjoy. The feeling of contributing to society in an entertaining and knowledgeable way shall stimulate my own narcissistic want for attention. And not only is seeing a smile on someone’s face what can give my whole day meaning; it is the thought of them learning something in the process. This is the reason for my choice of pursuing a career in journalism and my motivation to hone in whatever skills I have and light up the world.

Organizations

Question: Write an essay onOrganizations. Answer: In todays competitive environment that is persisting highly in the business zone across the world, maintenance of appropriate integration has become the foremost need. Organization Behaviour, therefore, is such a concept that requires an immediate recognition in almost all the companies. Commitment to an organization is one of most important motto that the organizations aim at. An organization in order to progress in their particular fields of specialization must ensure that the employees working in that particular organization are able to identify themselves with the goals of the organization. The managerial department of the particular firm should take into consideration the factors that affect the behaviour or the performance of the employees towards the organization. Organizational behaviour and therefore the aspect of organizational commitment to the organization are interrelated. Maintenance of proper work efficiency in a company demands that the organizational behaviour among the working staff and the leadership of the company is of utmost value. The very concept of organizational behaviour refers to the interface between the behaviour of the working staff of an organization and the organization itself. Organizational behaviour of the individuals working in a business firm determines largely the nature of growth of an organization. The industrial revolution that took place during the eighteenth century led to the intensification of the productive level of the industries. The increase in the levels of production was responsible for disrupting the organizational behaviour of the employees. The employees had to work under adverse conditions in the factories and with low payments. However, with the advent of modernisation during the post war era, the structure of the organizations underwent a change and the intensity of globalization made the organizations pose more focus upon the improvisation of the organizations. To survive in this competitive environme nt, the companies have to adopt certain policies that can help in the enhancement of the conditions of the employees. A varied set of factors influence the organizational behaviour of the companies. The relationship of the employees with the leadership of the organization, the structural framework of the company, the policies and schemes directed to the welfare of the employees, integrated structure of the management and maintenance of unity in the diversity that remains present in the organizational culture are the measuring heads. These factors determine the organizational behaviour and its impact upon the organization. Discussion: According to Barnard, (1938), Organizations are cooperative or social systems that involve and require the coordination of the tangible and the intangible, i.e. the individuals and the technology. Both the professional and the personal matter should amalgamate in an accurate manner. Thus, most of the critics are of the opinion that the Organizational Behaviour is the study of the functioning and performance of an organization and the ways in which the individuals working in the company that decide the growth of that particular organization. Organizational Behaviour is all about the way the environment of an organization influence the individuals or the people working in an organization, and vice versa. It can be more appropriately described as the branch of applied science that deals with the study of a total interdisciplinary approach that is humanistic and oriented towards the objectives of the organization (Hogg and Terry 2014.). The very concept of Organizational behaviour empha sizes the fact that a business process is actually a social system and not only a technology or economic aspects based organization. Therefore, participation of the individuals in each process as a whole constitutes the formation and systematic operation of an industry. Reasons for conducting an organizational Behaviour: The managers in todays competitive world have increasingly felt the need for undertaking the monitoring of the functioning of the organizations. The companies conduct the audits in different ways. The adjustment between an individual and organization has serious implications upon the proper maintenance of the strategies of an organization. The cultural audits are often undertaken by the companies in order to assess the status of socialization existing in a particular company between the leadership and the workforce. This kind of audit is conducted to examine the values and beliefs prevailing in the organization. This audit helps to analyse the cultural atmosphere of the organization. The critical events that happen in the companies are evaluated by such audits that help in deciding the basic policies that need to be set forth for minimising such critical events, so that the positive effects can be enhanced. An organization is always formed via appropriate integration of the subcultur es. As and when the individuals working in an organization is able to acquaint them with such an atmosphere and enrich socialization, that particular organization is able to enrich its position in terms of organizational behaviour (Naylor et al. 2013). The chief function of the audit teams remain in evaluating the ethical behaviour of the organizations. An ethics audit is conducted in order to check whether the leadership or the authorities of the company enforces and maintains its commitment to the ethical norms. The auditors must be efficient and qualified to be competent enough to understand all the relevant industry standards. The ethics audit team with the help of the reports gathered via the primary sources, customers and stakeholders could survey the ethical behaviour of a company appropriately. The audit team is also required by the organization to make survey whether the individuals working in the organization accurately follow the codes or business practices. Violation of the ethical standards in a company will lead to the decline in the profitable position of any business organization in the business world. Therefore, it becomes very essential for the company to conduct auditing at regular intervals (OSISIOMA 2015.). Areas to be assessed in an Organizational Behaviour Audit: Firstly, in the relationship between an organizations workforce and the authorities is intensely fundamental in order to ensure employee retention and developing organizational commitment among the employees. The audit team therefore must therefore examine the values shared between the employees and the leadership and the managerial department of the company. If the relationship between the organizations administrative and the workforce report a dispute, then the audit team must suggest certain strategies that would help in developing corporate relationships (Barrick 2013). Secondly, auditing of the control environment becomes an integral factor. Surveys should be conducted wit h respect to the inner workings of the organization. The audit team should evaluate the standards of performance management during the process of auditing the organizational behaviour. Performance audit is conducted by the company in assessing the level or the quality of the performance of the employees of any particular organization (Naylor et al. 2013). Thirdly, grievances audit is another part of organizational audit program. In case of organizational behaviour audit, the audit needs to make a sincere survey regarding the feedback of the employees. If the employees render a negative feedback in terms of the financial and moral support provided to them by the employees, the audit team would suggest vital policies and programs that are required to gain the employee retention and thereby increase the commitment of the employees (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015). Fourthly, there exists the intelligence audit that helps to determine and examine the manner in which an organization operates in the industry and how the surrounding environment poses impact upon the functioning of the organization. The intelligence audit takes into account the strategic business processes, procedures and cultures that define the entire infrastructure of an organization. The intelligence system of an organization should be flexible enough to adapt itself to the changes occurring in the surrounding environment and thereby meet the business interests. Factors evaluated in the above mentioned areas: The first and foremost factor that is important in an organization is the employees. The efficient performance of the employees ultimately upgrades the functioning of a business organization. Therefore, the audit or survey of the performance of the workforce is the major factor that needs to be undertaken by the audit team. There should be an evaluation of the cultural scenario of the organizations. The entire working staffs of an organization are characterized by the cultural diversity. Therefore, it becomes important that there remains integrity in this diversity. The management of the organization remains always responsible for proper administration of the cultural framework within the organization.The welfare of the employees is another most important concern that should be taken into account during the audit. It is because when the employees of a business concern are aware of the fact that the firm is providing all the required and justified requirements that can enhance the pro ductivity and efficiency of the employees (Craft 2013).The organizational behaviour audit must appropriately conduct the survey regarding the decision making approach of the firm. An active participation on the part of every individual is an absolute pre-requisite in case of every firm. Thus, the auditing of the business organizations should make an analysis of such aspects of any firm. It should most importantly assess that the decisions taken by the firm are judicious and are directed at achieving the aims of The leadership strategies of an organization also determine largely the commitment of the employees towards the organization. The audit team is required to make an appraisal of the same. If the process of auditing is able to find any such practices that are against the ethical norms that should be maintained, then immediate amendments need to be suggested by the team (Zwijze-Koning 2016). Corrupt practices need to be strictly prohibited and actions have to be taken if any suc h cases are detected. These factors related to the organizational behaviour of an organization occupy an integral position in the organization and its performance in the business world. It is only when the leadership strategies of an organization are efficient and able to provide the employees with needed job satisfaction that a business concern heads towards its path of progress. Furthermore, the capability or rather the eligibility of the workers to work in a culturally diverse environment also measures the achievement of an organization in terms of its human relation approach (Benn et al. 2014.). Seasonal auditing of the business organizations help in making the aims of those organizations much more defined.The Theories that `lead the formation as well as support the concept of the Organizational Behaviour reveal the fact that the only the recruitment of the highly qualified and prudent employees in an organization do not serve the purpose of achieving the set goals of a business concern. It shows the fact that the prosperity of an organization depends largely upon various aspects related to the approaches of the individuals working in an organization. It is mainly the process of socialization that constitutes one of the major factors in shaping the ultimate future of a business industry. Many positive and negative dimensions with regard to the organizational performance presume the extent growth and stability of a company. The theory of Intelligence (Emotional Intelligence) forms one of the major theories with respect to the notion of Organizational Behaviour. This is the theory that states that it is the ability of the individuals to identify, understand and integrate ones own thoughts and feelings as well as those of others, which helps the leadership of an organization to carry out the entire wok process in a proficient way. This concept applies to even the workforce of the company. As and when the individuals working in a concern are able to understand the thought process of each other, then managing different issues in an organization becomes easy. The leadership of an organization is liable to understand the shared values among the employees and their mindset, and thereby takes decisions accordingly (Baran 2012). Secondly, there is the Theory of Personality. The personality of an individual that is an integration of a persons personal traits and beliefs play a very important role at the workplace. The differing personalities in a company determine the productivity and quality standards in a company. The personality traits of the working staffs in an organization are considered to be an important predictor of the performance of the individuals. Conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness are the characteristics that enable to decide upon the abilities needed on the part of the individuals to continue working ethically and resourcefully in an organization (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015) . Thirdly, it will be most vital for an organization to captivate the motivation of the workforce of an organization. Motivation differs from one organization to another. Some individuals find motivation via the meaningful relationships that develop at the workplace; it is the sense of belongingness and identity that motivate them to upgrade their work and meet the expectations of the company. On the other hand, there are others who are instigated or rather motivated by their fundamental aims in life (McShane and Von Glinow 2015). They are morally responsible and maintain the ethical norms in an organization. These kinds of people are motivated by their sincerity and always provide supportive stance to the company. Fourthly, there comes the theory of perception. This theory states that in order to maintain the organizational behaviour in a company, the authorities require to have a dexterous pattern of perception. Both the employees and the authorities of a business organization upo n all the aspects related to their departments should give focus. The focus or the perception should not be confined to any particular factor. It is only when the scope of perception is increased then the business interests can receive a boost and easily achieve the aims (Agwu 2013). Theory of the Attitudes and Behaviour is almost similar to the theory of Personality. Attitude refers to a particular state of mind that an individual possesses. The modes of thinking and acting on the part of the individuals operating in an organization predict their impact upon the organization and vice versa. These together, thus denote the attitude and behaviour of the people. Behaviour constitutes the manner in which the individuals in an organization behave with each other. The introduction of new provisions in favour of the employees will automatically change the attitude and behaviour of the employees towards their work and they can be easily inspired to be more productive (Amujo et al.2013). Ju lius Berger Nigeria Plc is a Nigerian Construction company, located in Abuja and founded in the year 1950 excels in its structural engineering and infrastructure works throughout Nigeria. The company has turned to be a well known one in Nigeria, in terms of constructing the major expressways, residential buildings. The company undertook the major projects of Nigeria, such as the construction of the Lagos Inner Ring Road, Tin Can Island Port, National Assembly Phase III, Challawa Gorge Dam Karaye and many others like the Eko Bridge and the Third Mainland Bridge in 1968, and 1990 respectively. Although the company is engaged in the dealings of the domestic and international oil and gas industry projects, the business related to the construction forms the chief concern of the company. It is the heart of the companys major share of revenues and progress. The company provides employment to nearly 20000 employees in 40 nations. The company became one of the largest private employers in Ni geria (Alleyne et al. 2013). The company continually tries to upgrade its business policies and strategies for the better management of the employees. The development of the knowledge and skills of the workforce are enhanced by the company in order to increase the competency of the employees. The company is extremely committed in paying information to the stakeholders and the employees regarding the business activities so that it is able maintain good and long term relationship with the all the members who are associated with the organization. The organization remains excessively sincere in maintaining the safety and a healthy environment, so that the no adverse impact is imposed upon the society and the members related to the company. The company maintains the business integrity and abides by the laws that are applicable while operating in Nigeria and even makes its business partners and shareholders follow the same (Fernandez-Feijoo 2014).Planning of an Organizational Behaviour au dit for the Julius Berger Company: The audit team headed by the Organizational Behaviour analyst that will conduct the evaluation of the organizational commitment or organizational behaviour of the company requires at first the permission of the CEO of Julius Berger Plc. The company is proceeding well in terms of its employee retention strategy and maintenance of the ethical standards regarding the relationship with the surrounding societal structure and the stakeholders or the business shareholders (Korschun et al.2014). Thus, the audit team needs after receiving the approval from the CEO of the company should plan the audit in the following manner: The audit team should take into account at the first phase the examination of the infrastructural facilities and positioning of the company, whether it is in favour of the employees and the society. Second phase would constitute of the evaluation of the mode relationship between the leadership and the workforce of the organization. Th e auditing should be done for surveying the rate of compatibility of the working staffs in a culturally diverse atmosphere as the company employs the members from across the 40 nations. One to one interaction with the employees and the authorities, the managers and supervisors need to be conducted by the audit group in private in order to know the actual status. This will help in knowing the personalities, factors of motivation and perception as a whole of the entire working staffs. Information regarding the quality of the performance management needs to be adopted from the management department of the company as well as from some of the consumers or shareholders associated with the firm. The strategies adopted by the firm in terms of the welfare management of the employees and efficient management of the ethical norms of socialization should be reviewed by the auditing team in order to know the current position. Thus, the Organizational Behaviour analyst should comply with all the above mentioned theories of organizational behaviour and the current status of the organization while conducting the auditing of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Conclusion: Corporate social responsibility has become of the most important aspects prevailing in the business world. Thus, the business organizations need to enhance their strategies that can help in maintaining the organizational behaviour within the company. This will in turn help the company in becoming socially responsible. 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