Sure Thing Insurance Essay Example for Free

Sure Thing Insurance EssayName Yashasvi ram v.s Case Study The root problem in this case is that the comp any(prenominal) here has the decentralized autonomy of the business units, but there is a lack of coordination between operating groups. To compensate this, Al was appointed as CIO to coordinate contrary I/T approaches of the business units and to advise the executive committee on the strategic aspect of I/T. But another problem here asunder from the lack of coordination is that Al had line of responsibility for I/T in his previous job but in the current job he is precondition any authority over I/T and is accountable for any changes in there. Also, his advices on the strategic aspects were rarely sought and were never followed. He is fight to take decisions regarding staffing, budget and he is wondering how other senior staff is able to manage. The first closure would do slide fastener/maintain the status quo, if nothing is done in this scenario, it would result in th e downfall of the company because there would be no proper coordination between I/T and if the advice given by Al on strategic aspects are effective but are not followed then that would result in huge loss to that unit.The minimum solution would be to follow some of the advices given by Al to the personal lines division that corporate policy demands a package to be used or else of writing premium system in COBOL. A CEO should consider this decision on the business grounds and find out the pros and cons of implementing some of these decisions and to later(prenominal) implement them. The ideal solution would be to give authority of I/T and the right amount of funding for Al to implement his ideas. As he already has a good experience previously in this field, his ideas of funding, strategic agendas should be followed with some consideration. Also, he should be given a chance to interact with other senior supervisors to know how they are managing the funds, their staff and so on.The wide lasting solution would be, CEO considers the experience and also a skill laid of their senior staff so that they burn down be assigned to the exact positions. This makes them work effectively and would contribute to the positive growth of the company. I would recommend the long lasting solution because, the main failure of the company here is not to identify their employees potential in the particular field and also implementing some of the functionalities (using COBOL) without any research on that. If these problems are rectified then coordination of all the business units can bedone effectively and this minimizes failure risk of Surething Insurance company. Things that can be done to prevent future failures1. Rapid expansion.2. Under-reserving.3. Unforeseen claims.4. Under-Pricing.5. Gross Incompetence.6. Expansion into new areas.

Famous Creative Thinkers Essay Example for Free

Famous Creative Thinkers EssayColumn A Steve Wozniak ( ready reckoner engineer, orchard apple tree) (University of Phoenix, 2012) Steve Wozniak was born in San Jose, California in 1950 the son of an engineer. Wozniak developed a love for electronics in his early years. His grades never showed his intelligence, he was just good at building electronics from scratch.While attending the University of California at Berkeley he worked for Hewlett-Packard, and then he met Steve Jobs. Wozniak and Jobs together started Apple in 1976. Wozniak quit his job with Hewlett-Packard to work on the Apple project full time. Wozniak worked on the computer while Jobs did the marketing.Wozniak built from scratch the Apple I and Apple II computers by 1983 Apple stock was around $985 million. Due to personal tenablenesss he ended his position with Apple in 1987. The reason behind the resignation was an injury in 1981. While piloting his private plane crashed near Santa Cruz City Park. The crash creat ed several injuries including amnesia.Even though his injuries were large he was responsible for the first programmable remote control. He has written several books on technology, assisted in establishing the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 1990. He also was the founder of WoZ, Wheels of Zeus to attempt wireless GPS technology. Wozniak works as a chief scientist for the Fusion Company since 2008.Column B Grace grasshopper (computer scientist (University of Phoenix, 2012) Grace Hopper was born in New York City in 1908. She studied math and physics at Vassar College. She received a masters degree in math from Yale in 1930. After marriage she continued her education at Yale receiving a PHD in math in 1934. She is the first women to get this degree from Yale. In 1943 Hopper joined the Navy Reserve. Due to her mathematical degree she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Communication Project at Harvard. Harvard is where she larn the programming of the Mach I computer. Hopper also worked on the Mach II and Mach III. Hopper helped to make the term computerbug popular when a moth shorted out the Mach II. In 1949 she began working with Remington Rand after a short time with Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. While working at Remington Rand she was over the programming of the UNIVAC. In 1952 COBOL was born, a brain nipper of the Hopper team.COBOL is a program to where one computer can talk to another. Even though Hopper did not invent it she pushed it to be used by all computer companies. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. Hopper returned to the Navy for 19 years to assist in programming and standardizing communication with other computer languages. Hopper retired as a rear admiral in 1986 at the age of 79. She was the oldest serving officer in the Navy. After retiring from the Navy she became world-weary and coming back to the computer industry. In 1991 she received the National Medal of Technology. Hopper was the first women to receive suc h honor. The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in a Computing Conference is a technical conference to bring women together to learn programming. Hopper also encourages young people to learn the proficiency of programming.

Religion Essays Predestination

Religion Essays PredestinationPredestinationThe stemmas and the conflicts between the easedom of leave behind and preordination rich person been with us for a great part of the mo nonheistic history. The three great monotheistic religions all talk about it in their respective scriptures. The arguments have crept into the theological and philosophical debates as well. They have been the cause of break away sect in religions as well as atrocities in the name of this argument as we will jar against later. It is unquestionable, that the argument of free will against paragons command over e genuinelything and his right to predetermination has lead to problems in the lives of people who practice this religion. We will discuss the briefly the seam of Islam the factors that led to it becoming involved in this debate. We will also discuss how history argued over this concept.The Islamic teachings were started by Mohammed who was born in 570 AD in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It faced severe resistance during the initial phase. When Mohammed projectd his teachings of One God to the Arabs of Mecca, they rejected them and try to assassinate him. By his 6th decade of life Islam has dole out almost throughout the Arab peninsula. He did not leave any instructions as to who was to follow him and become the next proponent of the religion. This laid the ground fly the coop for future conflicts. Abu Bakr who was a close friend of Mohammed became the first Caliph by way of vote. Some people believed Ali, who was Mohammeds cousin to be the rightful calif. earlier his death, Abu Bakr appointed Umer to become the third Caliph. Umer after his tenure, nominated 6 people as potential caliphs, 2 major players were Usman (a wealthy man) and Ali. Usman won the title of caliph and governed the empire. This gave created huge resentment amongst the supporters of Ali. Ali became the 4th and the last caliph but was assassinated later in life. His rule was riddled with disturbances. After his death, even though his grandsons, Hassan and ibn Talal Hussein were expected to take over the caliph, they did not, and Muawiya declared himself Caliph and started the Umayyad dynasty. Since the start, the followers of Ali (the Shiites) resented the fact that Abu Bakr was chosen instead of Ali. By Umayyad dynasty they had organized themselves as a schismatic group. The Umayyad dynasty the theological system of the Shiites and Sunnis drifted apart. The Umayyad period gave rise to thinkers with different points of view concerning Islamic theology. After the Umayyad dynasty the Mutazilah school of thought arose and debated issues related to theology including Free will and predetermination. thither were two groups of Muslim thinkers of the Umayyad period. Al-qadnriyyah believed in the idea of free will or qadar and the Al-jabriyyah believed in the doctorine of predetermination.The debate about the theological validity of free will is very important. To say that man kind possesses no free will is to say that he cannot be liable for his actions as he is doing whatever has been inflexible for him by God. Hence it is Pre-determined. The confusion became about because the Quran contains verses in support of free will as well as predetermination. Therefore one source of the argument came from the dual traditions of the Quran itself. An former(a) source of the argument is the political scenario of the time of the Umayyad dynasty. During their rule, these debates lead to the formation of two major sects, Qadariyyah and the Jabriyyah (Taib, MIM, 2000). The people following the Qadariyyah teachings believed in the free will aspect of the argument and the Jabriyyah people believed that God had determined their fate and nothing could be done to alter that fate. Umayyad dynasty supported and gave preference to predetermination perspective of the argument, which in affect absolved mankind of any wrongdoing as he had no tally over his actions. They killed people who we re their political rivals or held the notions other than their own. They even justified their actions by saying that God had determined these actions beforehand and nothing could be said and done to avert them (Taib, MIM, 2000). The predestination supporters draw no difference between Gods determinations of the physical events of the universe and within this world against the actions take mankind undertakes with his own choice. These theologists state everything is determined. A mans actions have been determined by God and not matter what he does, he cannot change the outcome. An evil man is so because God made him to be one. They symbiosis of the belief in God being the controller of al things in this world and this universe with the notion of predetermination is not a difficult feat. Both ideas strengthen each other. The Quran makes a lot of references in support of this theory and the scholars of the Umayyad dynasty used this to their benefit. The debate of free will and predes tination also has its roots in the Christian beliefs as well. Saint Augustine is said to have pondered over the same debate.The same cannot be said when theologists try to emerge the idea of free will with the notion that God is the knower of all things an controller of all actions. Scholars advocated and notion of free will before the formal rise Mutazilah school of thought. These scholars and their followers propose that the mere notion that God destines some people to heaven and others to hell is injustice and since God cannot be unjust, the notion of predestination is false. God in not imperfect and this implies imperfection.Scholars from the Mutazilah school of thought view mankind, as holders of free will. According to them, all of mans actions are self determined and unlike animals and plants, they have control over their actions. They are independent of their instincts and have control of their actions. Therefore, on the basis of their actions in this world, be them good or bad, they will be judged in the hereafter.Quran also has a role to play in the origination of argument between supporters of free will and those of pre determination. Taib, MIM, (2000) quoted the Quran as sayingIn Surah al Hud, 1134, Prophet Noah addressed his rejecters as suchMy counsel will not benefit you, much as I desire to supply you good counsel, if Allah has willed to leave you in misguidance.In Surah al Taw bah, 951 we are toldSay nothing will happen to us pull up what God has decreed for us. He is our protector and in God the believers hold their trust. (Taib, MIM, 2000)These verses Quran the Quran as quoted by Taib illustrate how Quran instructs the believers into believing that the God has predetermined everything and that free will plays no role. The destination to hell or heaven has already been predestined.On the other hand the Quran in other chapters or Surah, talks about the free will of the humans which God has bestowed upon them so that their actions will be the sole decider whether they are destined for heaven or hell. These statements are a contrast to the ones stated above. For exampleSay, that truth has come from your Lord, let him who will, believe, and let him who will reject.In another instance Taib (2000) quotes the Quran in sayingWe have shown man the path (to truth and deliverance whether he be grateful or un grateful (rests on his will). (Taib, MIM, 2000)Currently the scholars from the Sunni sect of the Islam notably the Asharri and the Maturidi have tried to resolve this issue in taking a central theme.To conclude we can state that most of the understanding of freewill and predestination comes from the Islamic history. The initiation of the debate began from the Christian orthodox times but was highlighted in the periods of the last caliphs and afterwards due to the political situations of those times. The scholars since then have tried to resolve the issue by giving support to the scholars who support free will and making peop le responsible for their actions and rejecting the nothing that mankind has no control and authority over his actions and that he is not responsible for his actions.The debate as it currently stands is no where near comprehensive. Continued evidence in support of both(prenominal) arguments needs to be laid by both sides to an amalgam solution.BibliographyFrederick MD. An introduction to Islam (2nd edition). Prentice Hall, 1993.Rippen A. Textual sources for the study of Islam. University of Chicago press, 1990.Taib MIM, 2000. The problem with predetermination and its impact on Muslim thought. The Fount Journal the past in our future Challenges facing Muslims in the 21st century.

Symbols in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House

Symbols in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls homeSymbols of new beginnings for NoraIn A Dolls House the protagonist, Nora lives in a Victorian society where women argon heavily controlled and treated as second-class citizens. The average Victorian women belonged to a stereotype that the women were required to snag home and clean, prepare meals and raise children. In marriage Victorian women lost ownership of their wages, all physical property, including land, and all other cash generated once married. The preserve would represent both man and woman placing the husband in control of everything and that including the wife as if she was a piece of property. This was Nora before her new beginning. The playwright employs a variety of literary techniques and symbolism to convey the transition from a traditional Victorian woman to the image of her seen at the discontinue of the play an embittered yet sophisticated, intelligent, and freshly empowered woman boldly escaping the infantilizing clutches of her old life. Amongst the symbols employed through by the play many were ones in which represented a new beginning for Nora. From the signify of act one she played the submissive, seemingly selfish, foolish wife refusing to acknowledge the distinctiveness that she was building. From the Christmas tree to the macaroons to the Tarantella to New Years day are very important symbols which are Noras loves, they are what helped her to obtain her new beginning, these symbols conveyed to the reader the beginning a new for her.Christmas is favored holiday for Nora, the level of comfort is exponential, and part of the reason why she is so happy is the joy that she has when playing the role of a wife and mother. The toys that she chose for her children suggests that she is fine with the status quo of Victorian society, girls be nurturing and growing up to be a homely wife and mother while boys grow up to be strong and powerful. Though during this stage her carry out of wanting to buy something for herself implies that she wants to make a decision for herself going against the status quo. At this point though unaware she starts to think of independence as if the ruling of it was in the back of her mind. Though Torvald does non allow her to do so, the fact that Torvald will not trust her with money to buy herself a present demonstrates a major imbalance of power. We see her during the play ordering the Christmas tree and then decorating it, secretly acting freelancely an implication of growth of strength to be an independent woman growing, edging towards a new beginning. During Christmas Eve Nora believed her marriage to be one that had little to no issues. At the beginning of the second act, the tree has been stark and the candles burned out stage directions dictate that is should look bedraggled. This represents the end of Noras innocence and foreshadows the Helmer familys eventual disintegration, the tree represents the family and its unity, the discovery of the tree foreshadows Nora stripping from the family unit and her becoming her own person and reaching her new beginning. She is starting to change significantly at this point. Though the runner implication of a strength that was beginning to grow was in her little act of eating a macaroon.The macaroons was a treat that Torvald had forbidden Nora from eating. Nora claims that she would never dream of doing anything that Torvald did not want her to do, precisely this is disproved in the very opening of the play when Nora eats macaroons while she was alone in the living room. The macaroons come to represent Noras disobedience to Torvald, as this was her first act of disobedience seen by the audience. The macaroons show that Nora is the perfect little pet that Torvald views her to be. The macaroons function in the play was to demonstrate that although that some families and lives seem picture perfect, to the highest degree of the time it is not true, as proven by Noras need to hid e the bond and macaroons from Torvald. Ibsens use of symbolism in using such(prenominal) a minor pleasure impacts the story in a huge way by subtly showing the audience that Noras lifestyle is not as truthful, happy and dependent as it seems, an independent act can lead to more and such implies her growing strength. After giving a violent performance of the tarantella Nora asks that the macaroons be served at dinner, indicating a relationship between the macaroons and Noras inner making loves, the tarantella and the macaroons can be utter to be cardinal of Noras loves which help to show the audience the truth of who she really is.The tarantella symbolizes a side of Nora that is fiery and passionate she could express her true nature in this terpsichore. The Tarantella was a wild southern Italian dance, generally danced by a couple or line of couples. The dance was named after the tarantula spider, whose cruel bite was mistakenly believed to cause tarantism, an uncontrollable ur ge for wild dancing. The cure prescribed by doctors was for the sufferer to dance to exhaustion. Pyscologists reason that the hardly form of expressing passion to its fullest, was the Tarantella. It is the fiery, passionate dance that allows Nora to drop the faade of perfect mild-mannered Victorian wife it is the catalyst in which Nora is able to demonstrate a repressed side of herself, her true self. Ibsens placement of the Tarantella in the third act is an foreshadowing element which implies the breaking out of Nora. Her new beginning, is clearly seen in this dance something that is not controlled. Throughout the play Nora uses performances to please Torvald, and the tarantella is no exception he admits that watching her perform makes him desire her. However this is only under controlled circumstances, and Torvald seems to wassail that the performance impresses other people more than anything. But she can be only controlled to a certain point such can be said when Torvald was tr ying to give instructions slow down, trying to control her as he watched her practice before the actual event. Though this seems to be only done to please her husband with a performance, what drives her to perform is the underlying aspect that she can demonstrate her emotions to the fullest uncontrolled.New Years day is traditionally viewed as a new beginning and such can be said to be the Helmer familys view, they are looking forward to this new beginning. Torvald starts a better nonrecreational job at the bank at which he works, Nora is almost free if not already free of her debt by New Years day. By the end of the play Nora has definitely made a new beginning for herself though not as expected without her children and her husband. As the secret about the debt is found out by Torvald and she has reached an epiphany because of this that she existed merely to perform tricks blaming him and her father for treating her like a spoilt child and a plaything for their own entertainment. They wanted her to be ignorant and helpless, and so far she has only tried to please them and in turn missing out on any opportunity to educate and improve herself.All the times she subtly rebelled or disobeyed or rather she was the one in control behind the scenes but now she is seen clearly, no more deception. Noras submissiveness to Torvald is no bimestrial seen. She shows herself no longer as a child but as an adult woman these symbols that the author has employed has shown her development over time. Especially when Torvald fails to put forward the strength that she needed, because of that she can truly say that she no longer loves him. Her realization that she wants to pursue her independence is not so much a transformation but an awakening to a strength that she had possessed all along and with this strength she can begin a new.

Literature Review About Cryptography And Steganography Computer Science Essay

Literature Review About Cryptography And Steganography Computer Science EssayThe sign forms of data hiding trick truly be considered to be extremely simple forms of clubby make out cryptography, the lynchpin in this case be the knowledge of the intent being implemented. Steganography books be overflowing with examples of such schemes used all through history. Greek messengers had pass alongs written into their s pitchd heads, hiding the inwardness when their hair grew back. With the conversion of season these old cryptographic techniques improved in context of optimization and security of the transmitted message.Nowadays, crypto-graphical methods have reached to a level of classiness such that appropriate encrypted interactions rotter be assumed secure well beyond the practical life of the information communicated. In reality, it is expected that the most powerful algorithms using multi KB key capacity could not be covered through strength, even if all the computing r esources manhoodwide for the next 20 years were dedicated on the snipe. on the face of it the chances be there that weaknesses could be found or computing power advancement could occur, but existing cryptographic schemes are usually adequate for most of the users of different applications.So why to chase the area of information hiding? A number of good reasons are there, the first is that security through obscurity is not basically a bad function, provided that it isnt the only security mechanism employed. Steganography for instance consent tos us to conceal encrypted data in mediums less likely to wed attention. A garble of ar billetrary reputations being communicated between two clients may give a clue to an observant third party that sensitive data is being transmitted whereas kid roles with just about extra reverberate present may not. Added information in the images is in encrypted form, but draws much lesser engagement being allocated in the images past it would otherwise.This becomes mainly signifi send awayt as the technological discrepancy between individuals and institutions grows. Governments and businesses usually have irritate to to a greater extent powerful systems and break away encryption algorithms wherefore individuals. Hence, the possibility of individuals messages being broken increases with each passing year. Decreasing the quantity of messages intercepted by the associations as suspect will definitely ease to progress privacy.An additional benefit is that information hiding behind basically alter the way that we consider about information security. Cryptographic schemes usually see on the metaphor of a portion of information being placed in a protected box and locked with a key. Anyone mickle get access with the proper key as information itself is not disturbed. All of the information security is gone, once the box is open. Compare it with information hiding schemes in which the key is inserted into the information itself.This contrast nooky be demonstrated in a better way by current videodisc encryption methods. Digitally encoded videos are encapsulated into an encrypted container by CSS algorithm. The video is decrypted and played when the DVD player supplies the proper key. It is easy to trans-code the contents and distribute it without any mark of the author present, once the video has been rewrited. On the other hand the approach of an ideal water line is a totally different, where regardless of encryption the watermark remains with the video even if various diversity and trans-coding efforts are make. So it is clarifies the need for a combination of the two schemes.Beginning with a swift tour on cryptography and steganography, which structure the foundation for a large number of digital watermarking ideas so moving on to a description that what are the prerequisites a watermarking system must meet, as well as techniques for estimating the strengths of different algorithms. Last of all we will spotlight on various watermarking schemes and the pros and cons of each. Even though most of the focus is solely on the watermarking of digital images, serene most of these same concepts can straightforwardly be applied to the watermarking of digital audio and video.BackgroundFirst of all we begin with some definitions. Cryptography can be described as the processing of information into an unintelligible (encrypted) form for the purposes of secure transmission. Through the use of a key the receiver can decode the encrypted message (decrypting) to retrieve the legitimate message.Stenography gets better on this by concealing the reality that a communication even took place. Hidden Information message m is imbedded into a harm less message c which is defined as the cover-obect. With the help of key k which is called as stego-key the hidden message m is embedded into c. The resulting message that is produced from hidden message m, the key k and the cover aspiration c is defined as stego-object s. In an ideal world the stego-object is not distinguishable from the overlord message c, seems to be as if no additional data has been embedded. Figure 1 illustrates the same.Figure 1- Illustration of a Stegographic outlineWe use cover object just to create the stego object and after that it is disposed. The concept of system is that stego-object will almost be same in cheek and data to the original such that the existence of hidden message will be imperceptible. As stated earlier, we will suppose the stego object as a digital image, making it clear that ideas may be expanded to further cover objects as well.In a number of aspects watermarking is matching to steganography. Each of them looks for embedding information into a cover object message with almost no effect to the quality of the cover-object. On the other hand watermarking allows the extra requirement of daring. A spotless steganographic system would tend to embed a huge quantity of informa tion, ideally securely with no perceptible degradation to cover image. A watermarking system is considered to be n ideal which would inject information that cannot be eliminated/modified except the cover object is made completely unusable. After these different requirements there is a reaction, a watermarking scheme will frequently deal capacity and perhaps even a little security for extra robustness.Then a interrogation arises that what prerequisites office a double-dyed(a) watermarking system should have? The primary constraint would obviously be that of perceptibility. A watermarking system is useless if it degrades the cover object to the outcome of being of no use, or even extremely disturbing. In an ideal scenario the water marked image should give the impression of being identical from the original even if it is viewed on the best class device.A watermark, considered to be ideal, must be highly robust, exclusively resistant to distortion when introduced to unintended atta ck composition normal usage, or a intentional efforts to block or eliminate the embedded watermark ( planned or malicious attack ). Unpremeditated attacks include alterations that are usually implemented to images while usual usage, such as scaling, contrast enhancement, resizing, cropping etc.The most interesting form of unintended attack is image concretion. Lossy compression and watermarking are naturally at contrasts, watermarking try to encode hidden data in spare places that compression tends to eliminate. So perfect watermarking and compression schemes are likely naturally restricted.In malicious attacks, an attacker intentionally attempts to remove the watermark, frequently via geometric alterations or by embedding of noise. A last thing to keep in mind is that robustness can consist of either flexibility to attack, or complete delicateness. It is the case in which various watermarking schemes may have need of the watermark to entirely demolish the cover object if any t ampering is made.One more characteristics of ideal watermarking scheme is that it defend the implementation of keys to batten down that the technique is not rendered ineffective the instant that the algorithm turns out to be recognized. Also it should be an aim that the method makes use of an asymmetric key scheme such as in public / private key cryptographic systems. Even though private key techniques are quite simple to apply in watermarking not like asymmetric key pairs which are normally not quite simple. The possibility here is that inserted watermarking scheme might have their private key found out, tarnishing protection of the whole system. It was just the scenario when a particular DVD decoder application left its secret key unencrypted, violating the whole DVD copy security system.A bit less essential necessities of a perfect watermarking scheme might be capacity, and speed. A watermarking scheme must permit for a helpful quantity of information to be inserted into the im age. It can vary from one single bit to several paragraphs of text. Additionally, in watermarking schemes destined for embedded implementations, the watermark embedding (or detection) shouldnt be computationally severe as to prevent its use on low cost micro controllers.The final probable constraint of a perfect watermarking scheme is that of statistical imperceptibility. Watermarking algo must adjust the bits of cover in an approach that information of the image are not altered in any tattler style that may deceive the existence of the watermark. So it is not relatively lesser essential constraint in watermarking as compared to steganography but few applications might need it.Then how to provide metrics for the assessment of watermarking methods? Capacity and pace can be simply estimated using the of bits / cover size, and calculational complications, respectively. Use of keys by systems is more or less by characterization, and the informational indistinguishable by association am ong original images and watermarked equivalent.The other complicated assignment is making metrics for perceptibility and robustness available. Standards proposed for the estimation of perceptibility are shown as in Table.Level of AssuranceCriteriaLow Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) Slightly perceptible but not annoyingModerate mensurable Based on perceptual model Not perceptible using mass market equipmentModerate High Not perceptible in coincidence with original under studio conditionsHigh Survives evaluation by large panel of persons under the strictest of conditions.Table Possible assurance stages of PerceptibilityWatermark must meet exposed minimum requirements the Low level in order to be considered handy. Watermarks at this stage should be opposing to general alterations that non-malicious clients with economical tools might do to images. As the robustness enhances more specific and expensive tools turn out to be needed, in addition to extra intimate information of the wa termarking scheme being used. At the very top of the scale is verifiable dependability in which it is also computationally or mathematically unfeasible to eliminate or immobilize the mark.In this chapter a brief introduction of the background information, prerequisites and assessment methods needed for the accomplishment and estimation of watermarking schemes. In the next chapter a variety of watermarking techniques will be narrated and will be considered in terms of their potential strengths and weaknesses.Selection of Watermark-ObjectThe most basic query that is required to think about is that in any watermark and stenographic scheme what sort of form will the implanted message will have? The most simple and easy consideration would be to insert text pull in into the image, permitting the image to straightly hold information such as writer, subject, timeand so on. On the other hand the negative aspect of this technique is that Ascii wording in a way can be well thought-out to be a appearance of LZW compression technique in which every character being characterized with a definite model of bits. Robustness of the watermark object suffers if compression is do prior to insertion.As the structure of Ascii systems if a single bit fault is occurred due to an attack can completely alter the semantics of a certain letter and thus the hidden message is also changed or damaged. It would be fairly trouble-free for even a simple assignment such as JPEG compressing technique to trim down a copy recompense string to a random set of typescript. Instead of characters, why not embed the information in an already highly redundant form, such as a raster image?Figure 2 Ideal Watermark-Object vs. Object with Additive Gaussian NoiseNote that in spite of the huge quantity of faults made in watermark discovery, the extracted watermark is still extremely identifiable.Least Significant Bit ModificationThe most uncomplicated technique of watermark insertion, is considered to be to embed the watermark into the least-significant-bits (LSB) of the cover object .Provided the surprisingly elevated channel capacity of using the whole cover for communication in this process, a smaller object may be embedded several times. Even if many of them are vanished due to attacks, only a one existing watermark is considered to be a success.LSB refilling though in spite of its straightforwardness brings a crowd of weaknesses. Even though it may continue to exist if alterations such as cropping, noise addition or compression is probable to overcome the watermark. And an enhanced tamper attack will be basically to replace the lsb of every pixel by 1, completely overcoming the watermark with minor effect on the original image. In addition, if the algorithm is found out, the inserted watermark could be simply altered by an mediator party.An enhancement on essential LSB substitution will be to apply a pseudo-random digit initiator to decide the pixels to be utilized for inserti on back up on a provided seed . Protection of the watermark will be enhanced as the watermark could not be simply observed by middle parties. The scheme still would be defenseless to the replacement of the LSBs with a constant. Also if those pixels are used that are not utilized for watermarking bits, the effect of the replacement on the image will be insignificant. LSB alteration seems to be an easy and reasonably potent instrument for stenography, but is deficient of the fundamental robustness that watermarking implementations require.Correlation-Based TechniquesAn additional procedure for watermark insertion is to make use of the correlation characteristics of additive pseudo random noise convenings as applied to an image. A pseudorandom noise (P) traffic pattern is embedded to the image R(i, j), as mentioned in the formula shown below.Rw (i, j) = P (i, j) + k * Q(i, j)Insertion of Pseudorandom Noisek represents a gain factor Rw is the watermarked image.Amplifying k amplifies the robustness of the watermark at the cost of the excellence of the watermarked image.To retrieve the watermark, the same pseudo-random noise generator algorithm is seeded with the same key, and the correlation between the noise pattern and possibly watermarked image computed. If the correlation exceeds a certain threshold T, the watermark is detected, and a single bit is set. This method can easily be all-inclusive to a multiple-bit watermark by dividing the image up into blocks, and performing the above procedure independently on each block.In different of ways this fundamental scheme can be enhanced. 1st, the concept of a threshold being utilized for defining a binary 1 or 0 can be removed with the utilization of two different pseudorandom noise sequences. One sequence is allocated a binary 1 and the second a 0. The scheme which is mentioned antecedently is then carried out one time for every sequence, and the sequence with the superior resulting correlation is exercised. It a mplifies the possibility of a accurate discovery, still after the image has been considered to attack .We can additionally enhance the technique by prefiltering image previous to implementing the watermark. If we can decrease the correlation among the cover image and the PN pattern, we can amplify the foe of the watermark to extra noise. By implementing the edge improvement filter as given below, the robustness of the watermark can be enhanced with no red ink of capability and with a very less lessening of image features.Edge Enhancement Pre-FilterInstead of defining the watermark values from blocks in the spatial domain, we can make use of CDMA spread spectrum Schemes to spread every of the bits arbitrarily all over the original image, amplifying capability and enhancing immunity to cropping. The watermark is initially converted into a string instead of a 2 dimensional image. For every single pixel value of the watermark, a PN pattern is produced by making use of an self-suffici ng key or seed. These keys or seeds could be stocked or created by itself via PN techniques. The addition of every one of the PN sequences stands for the watermark, which is then up sized and embedded to the original image .To discover/extract the watermark, every seed/key is utilized to produce its PN pattern, which is after that correlated with the whole image. If it results with high correlation, then a bit of a watermark is assigned as 1, else 0. The same procedure is done again and again for each and every value of the watermark. CDMA enhances on the robustness of the watermark considerably, but needs quite a few sequences further of calculation.Frequency Domain TechniquesA benefit of the spatial domain methods has been talked about previously is that it can be simply implemented to any image, in spite of several type of intentional or unintentional attacks (though continuation to exist this alterations is totally a diverse issue). A probable drawback of spatial methods is that utilization of these subsequent alterations with the aim of amplifying the watermark robustness is not permitted by them.Besides to this, adaptive watermarking schemes are a little extra tricky in the spatial domain. If the characteristics of the original image could correspondingly be utilized both the robustness and quality of the watermark could be enhanced. For the moment, instead of detail areas it is usually favorable to conceal watermarking data in noisy areas and edges of images. The advantage is 2 fold it is extra perceivable to the HVS if degradation is done in detail areas of an image, and turns out to be a primary objective for lossy compression rechniques.In view of these features, making use of a absolute relative frequency domain turns out to be a bit more attractive. The traditional and yet well accepted domain for image processing is the Discrete-Cosine-Transform (DCT).The Discrete-Cosine-Transform permits an image to be divided into different frequency bands, wh ich makes it simple and easy to embed watermarking message into the mid frequency bands of an image. The reason behind selecting the middle frequency bands is that they have trim back even they evade low frequencies (visual areas of the image) exclusive of over-rendering themselves to elimination via compression and noise attacks (high frequencies).One of the methodologies makes use of the relationship of middle frequency band of DCT variables to encrypt a bit into a DCT block. Following 88 block shows the division of frequencies in terms of low, middle and high bands.DCT Regions of FrequenciesFL represents the low frequency section of the block, whereas FH represents the higher frequency section.FM is selected as the region where watermark is embedded so as to give extra immunity to lossy compression schemes, at the same time evading noteworthy amendment of the original image .Then two positions Ai(x1, y1) and Ai(x2, y2) are selected from the middle frequency band area FM for eval uation. Instead of selecting random positions, if our selection of coefficients is check to the suggestion of JPEG quantisation we can attain additional toughness to compression as given in the chart below. We can think positive that some sort of scaling of a coefficient will increase the other by the equal aspect if two positions are selected such that they have similar quantization values, which helps in maintaining their comparative ratio of size.1611101624405161121214192658605514131624405769561417222951878062182237566810910377243555648110411392496478871031211201017292959811210010399JPEG compression scheme quantization valuesBy observing the above chart we can see that coefficients (4,1) and (3,2) or (1,2) and (3,0) would formulate appropriate contenders for contrast as we can see that there quantization values are similar. The DCT block will set a 1 if Ai(x1, y1) Ai(x2, y2), else it will set a 0. The coefficients are then rallyd if the associative size of every coefficient d oes not agree with the bit that is to be encoded .Because it is usually considered that DCT coefficients of middle frequencies contain analogous values so the exchange of such coefficients should not change the watermarked image considerably. If we set up a watermark strength constant k, in a way that Ai(x1, y1) Ai(x2, y2) k then it can result in the enhancement of the robustness of the watermark. Coefficients that do not meet these criteria are altered even if the utilization of arbitrary noise then convinces the relation. Mounting k thus decreases the possibility of finding of errors at the cost of extra image degradation.An additional probable method is to insert a PN string Z into the middle frequencies of the DCT block. We can alter a provided DCT block p, q by making use of equation below.Embedding of Code Division multiple access watermark into DCT middle frequenciesFor every 88 block p,q of the image, the DCT for the block is initially computed. In that block, the middle f requency elements FM are incorporated to the PN string Z, multiply it by k the gain factor. Coefficients in the low and middle frequencies are copied over to the converted image without having any effect on. Every block is then perverted converted to provide us our concluding watermarked image OZ .

The Milgram Experiment of Obedience :: essays research papers

Milgrams experiment of obedience was done in 1961 soon after WW2 and the trials for war crimes against the Nazis were beingness done. An ad was placed in the newspaper for a Memory and Learning Experiment at $4.50 an hour, but the experiment was ultimately on Obedience. The experiment was conducted on behalf of Adolph Eichmann who was convicted of war crimes, and crimes against humanity, but he was only following orders. Eichmann filled come forth death warrants but never carried out the killings. The objective of the experiment was to find out if people would obey higher authority even though what they were doing was mor eithery wrong. There would be the experimenter who recorded the teachers reactions and answered questions of the teacher. The scholar, an actor not very harmed, was supposedly shocked every time he had given a wrong answer and each time he was wrong he would be shocked with more voltage than the one before. The teacher administered questions to the learner along with the shocks for the wrong answer. What the teacher thought he was doing was giving a painful shock, not deadly shock to the learner to test of punishment leads to better memory.During the experiment very few actually went against authority, even though all shocked the learner at 300W and on. Over 50% went to the full amount of electricity. In fact a prediction from other psychologist suggested that not even 1% of the subjects would follow up to the last switch on the generator. During the experiment, teachers, the actual subjects, became nervous. The teachers began questioning the experimenter, who told them to go on and that he was the one talking all the responsibility of the teachers actions. This persuaded many teachers to go on feeling obligated to follow authority even though the teachers knew they were doing something morally wrong. The teachers fidgeted a lot, moved the hands, pulled out cigarettes and looking around, talking fast, etc. which are all signs of nervousnes s. Despite their nervousness and morality they listened to authority to continue long after the learner was not responding.

The Enthusiastic :: essays research papers

EssayThe enthusiastic embrace of the meshing by the worlds people is ever-changing the focal point they handle personal and business relationships, define their lifestyle and learn about the rest of the world. With the Internet and modern technology today there is no limit as to what people are able to do. A majority of todays people (especially youth) would have to live very differently without the Internet as they use it in almost every aspect of their lives. It is at one time the basis of peoples lives and without it the world would be a different place. on that point is a d throw side to the Internet. People do not get out as much, instead of doing things like exercising, getting out doors and being with friends and family, they delay inside and surf the Internet. However with all the upsides of the Internet and technology these bear be ruled out, except should not be forgotten altogether.Using the Internet, we now can communicate differently, that is through the use of e -mail and online chat. No longer do we have to wait for days for a letter to reach its destination, but via e-mail it can take a number of seconds only. Information can be conveyed from one place to another much quicker. Online chat is a way people meet others, and catch up with friends without leaving the house. They can enter chat rooms from various sites over the net and talk/chat to people. wrinkle relation ships are different as well. Deals can be made quicker online and do not have to be in person. Arranging meetings can be done online. Often a large part of a businesses work is done via or over the Internet especially if the company has its own web site set up.There is a huge amount of advertising also on-line. Because so many people use the net, advertisements are depute in the Internet. There is a wide scope of users, so all of these adverts would be seen. Most advertisements are not plain pictures and text, but with a contact lens to the businesses web site, (people only have to click on the icon.) Online advertising, in some ways, would be more effective that television, in that they can go directly to a companys site when they see the advertisement, if there is an online store people can buy right away.A business can display its products or services on the Internet, and sell it this way.